UCSD Human Anatomy And Physiology Discussion In chapter 2 you were exposed to the amazing capabilities of your brain. Most of my students have quite a few
UCSD Human Anatomy And Physiology Discussion In chapter 2 you were exposed to the amazing capabilities of your brain. Most of my students have quite a few moments during that chapters when they discover the reasoning behind their behaviors in their lives. This discussion board brings together those two worlds…your real life experiences and your education about your brain. In this discussion board you will be posting about what you learned and how you those different parts of the brain explain your real life behaviors that you never understood before. I think you will find that most of you will share some very common, previously misunderstood life experiences.Chapter 2 powerpoint is attached! Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display
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CHAPTER PREVIEW
Nervous
System
Endocrine
System
Neurons
Brain
Damage,
Plasticity,
& Repair
Brain
Genetics
&
Behavior
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Complexity
Integration
Adaptability (plasticity)
Electrochemical transmission
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NERVOUS SYSTEM: PATHWAYS
Nerves carry information
afferent ?
Brain
Body
efferent ?
Which type connects with skin?
With muscle?
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NERVOUS SYSTEM: DIVISIONS
NERVOUS SYSTEMS (NS)
Central (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral (PNS)
Somatic NS
sensory nerves
motor nerves
Autonomic NS
sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS
muscular activity
internal organs
arouses
calms
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NERVOUS SYSTEM – CELLS
Glial Cells
provide support and nutrition
Neurons (about 100 billion in brain)
information processing
computing & communicating
mirror neurons (in primates)
imitation, social perception
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NEURONS: STRUCTURE
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NEURAL IMPULSE
1
Negatively + Positively Charged Ions
Polarization (Imbalance in Charges)
Resting Potential
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NEURAL IMPULSE
2
Semipermeable Membrane
Ion Channels
Depolarization (Ion channels open)
Action Potential
(Ion exchange sweeps
along length of axon)
Threshold
All-or-None Principle
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SYNAPSES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Synaptic Transmission
Electrical impulse is
converted into a
chemical signal.
Axon vesicle releases
neurotransmitter into
gap.
Dendrite receptor site
detects
neurotransmitter
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Reuptake:
Reabsorption of
neurotransmitter from
synapse back into
vesicles
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
1
Neurotransmitters carry information across the
synaptic gap to the next neuron.
Acetylcholine
muscle actions, learning, memory
black widow venom ? Ach levels
Alzheimers disease: ? Ach levels
GABA
Refines precision by inhibiting firing
Anxiety: ? GABA levels
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
2
Glutamate
excitatory
learning and memory
involved in many psychological
disorders
Norepinephrine
stress and mania: ? norepinephrine levels
depression: ? norepinephrine levels
regulates sleep states in conjunction with
Ach
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
3
Dopamine
voluntary movement
reward anticipation
stimulant drugs: activate
dopamine receptors
Parkinsons disease: ? dopamine
levels
schizophrenia: ? dopamine levels
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
4
Serotonin
regulation of sleep, mood,
attention, learning
depression: ? serotonin levels
Prozac: ? serotonin levels
Endorphins
natural opiates
mediate feelings of pleasure and
pain
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
5
Oxytocin
both a hormone and a
neurotransmitter
related to onset of lactation in
new mothers
related to attachment/emotional
bonds
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
6
Drugs can interfere with neurotransmitters.
Agonists:
mimic or enhance NT effects
Antagonists:
block effects of NT
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NEURAL NETWORKS
Interconnected pathways of
nerve cells
Integrate sensory input
and motor output
Where a given piece of information is stored:
not in a lone neuron or connection
but spread over multiple connections and neurons
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STUDYING THE BRAIN
Brain Lesioning
naturally occurring or induced
Electrical Recording
electroencephalograph (EEG)
single-unit recording
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BRAIN IMAGING
X-Ray
CT Scan
PET
MRI
fMRI
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EMBRYONIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
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HINDBRAIN
Brainstem
medulla control breathing,
regulate reflexes
pons sleep and arousal
Cerebellum
motor coordination
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MIDBRAIN
Parkinsons Disease
Reticular Formation
Stereotyped Behavior
Patterns (like walking)
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FOREBRAIN
1
Limbic System
memory and emotion
amygdala
discrimination of
objects needed for
survival
emotional awareness
and expression
hippocampus
Formation and
consolidation
of memories
Thalamus
relay station for much
sensory information
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FOREBRAIN
2
Basal Ganglia
coordination of voluntary
movements
Hypothalamus
eating, drinking, sexual behaviors
regulate bodys internal state
emotion, stress, reward
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THE BRAIN IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
What brain structures are similar across species?
How is the brain suited to each species?
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
Neocortex: Outermost Layer
Four Lobes:
occipital (vision)
Parietal
Frontal
temporal (hearing, language
processing, memory)
frontal (intelligence,
personality, voluntary muscles,
planning)
parietal (spatial location,
attention, motor control)
Occipital
Temporal
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LANGUAGE CENTERS: LEFT CEREBRAL CORTEX
Brocas Area
Wernickes Area
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SOMATOSENSORY, MOTOR, AND
ASSOCIATION CORTEX
Somatosensoy Cortex (in parietal lobe)
body sensations / touch
Motor Cortex (in frontal lobe)
voluntary movements
point-to-point mapping
Association Cortex (75% of cortex)
not sensory or motor, but
associations between and
executive function
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SPLIT-BRAIN RESEARCH
Corpus Callosum
large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the
brain
W.J., the Split Brain Patient
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HEMISPHERES OF THE CORTEX
Hemispheric Specialization of Function
left hemisphere
verbal processing, speech,
grammar
right hemisphere
spatial perception,
visual recognition,
emotion
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Set of glands
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, testes
that regulate the body by
secreting hormones chemical messages
into the bloodstream relatively slow
communication system
interconnected with the nervous system,
especially autonomic nervous system.
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BRAIN DAMAGE, PLASTICITY AND REPAIR
Recovery from brain damage depends on
age of the individual
extent of the damage
intervention
Repairing the damaged brain
collateral sprouting
substitution of function
neurogenesis
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BRAIN DAMAGE AND PLASTICITY
Concussion — mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)
head injury with temporary loss of brain function
Brain Tissue Implants
Brain grafts
Stem cells
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GENETICS AND BEHAVIOR
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Human Genome Project
Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle
Molecular Genetics
Selective Breeding
Genome-Wide Association
Behavior Genetics and Adoption Studies
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GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: GENETIC EXPRESSION
Genotype
genetic heritage
+ Effects of experience
environment alters how genetic traits develop
= Phenotype
observable characteristics
both physical & psychological
Gene X Environment Interaction
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