Arizona Western College Mechanical Measurement & Flow Meter Lab Report Hi,I just need a Lab Report for Mechanical Measurement. The lab is about Flow Meteri

Arizona Western College Mechanical Measurement & Flow Meter Lab Report Hi,I just need a Lab Report for Mechanical Measurement. The lab is about Flow Metering. I will provide you with the lab data and some photos of the FlowMeter Demonstration Rig.thanks Measurement of Fluid Flow
Chapter 15
Mechanical Measurements
By: Beckwith, Marangoni, and Lienhard
Fluid Flow Types
• Movement of a liquid, gas, granular solid, or a
combination.
– Liquid: Ex. Water
– Gas: Ex. Air, steam, exhaust gases
– Granular solid: Ex. Sand
– Combination: Ex. Concrete, slurry (solids
suspended in a liquid)
Measurement Types
• Direct Measure
– Primary or Quantity Method
• The weight or volume in a tank measured with respect
to time
• Indirect Measures
– Flow Meters
– Velocity Probes
– Flow Visualization
Direct Measurement
• Measuring weight or volume with respect to
time
– Weight of a tank
– Graduated Cylinder
– Bell Prover
Indirect Measure
• Flow Meters:
– Obstruction Meters: measures flow through
measuring pressure differentials
•
•
•
•
Venturi meter
Flow nozzles
Orifice
Variable Area meters
Obstruction Meters
Variable Area Meter
(Rotameter)
Three Forces act on the Float:
1. Weight
2. Buoyancy
3. Drag
Indirect Measure
• Volume Flow Meters: measures volumetric
flow rate
– Turbine and propeller meters
– Electromagnetic flow meters
– Vortex?shedding meter
– Ultrasonic flow meter
– Positive?displacement meters
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cA?
zJwVqzxg
Indirect Measures
• Mass Flow Meters
– Coriolis Meter
– Critical flow Venturi Meter
– Thermal mass Flow Anemometers
http://www.processindustryinformer.com/videos/video/28/
Mass-flow-meters-explained
LDA
LDA
LDA
LDA
Indirect Measures
• Velocity Probes
– Pressure Probes
• Total pressure and Pitot?static tubes
• Direction?sensing probes
– Hot?wire and Hot?film anemometers
– Doppler?shift Measurement
– Laser?Doppler Anemometry
Total pressure and Pitot?static tubes
Thermal Anemometry
Indirect Measures
•
•
•
•
Smoke trails and smoke wires
Dye injection
Hydrogen bubbles
Laser?induced fluorescence
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUTkqZ
eiMow&feature=related
http://video.foxnews.com/v/4056735/bigrig-wind-tunnel-test
Flow Characteristics
.
Mass Flow Rate:
m ? ?Q
.
Average Velocity:
Reynolds Number:
m Q
?
V?
?A A
?VD
Re D ?
?
Open Channel Flow
Measurement
Basic Environmental Technology
Chapter 2
Nathanson
Weir
• Weir: is a dam or obstruction placed in the
channel so that the water backs up behind it
and then flows over it.
• Sharp?crested weir: the sharp crest or edge
allows the water to spring clear of the weir
plate and to fall freely in the form of a nappe.
Weir
Flow Measurement with a Weir
• There is a relationship between the height or
depth of water flowing over the crest and
discharge
• Meter or yardstick
• Automatic float?operated recording
• Ultrasonic measuring
http://www.hycontrol.com/
Equations
• Textbooks, handbooks, manuals
90° V-notch
Q ? 2.5 ? H
Q=discharge, ft3/s
H=head on weir, ft
2.5
Flumes
• A specially shaped
constriction
• Similar to a venturi
tube
• Self cleaning
• Little head loss and no
significant back?up of
sewage
• Flow calculated by
water depth
http://www.plasti-fab.com
Parshall flume
H-flume
Trapezoidal flume
Metering manhole
Report Writing
•
Laboratory Note or Technical Memo
–
–
–
–
•
Very limited audience
Immediate supervisor
May be only one page
Sufficient information so you could reconstruct the situation possibly up to 5 years later
Full Report
– Wider audience
– Most likely still in your field
– Format Example
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abstract
Introduction
Equipment
Procedure
Results
Conclusions and recommendations
Technical Paper
– To make know the work of the writer
– SAE papers or some other professional organization
Passive Voice
I prefer lab reports to be written in the Passive voice
rather than the Active Voice.
Do not use I, me, he, she, him, her or any names.
http://essayisay.homestead.com/passive.html
I broke the window. (Active)
The window was broken. (Passive)
Abstract
• Summary of the entire report
• Usually one page
• Results and conclusions included
Introduction
• “Tell them what you are going to tell them”
• Overview of the work that is going to be
presented
• History and reason for work
• No results or conclusions
• Objectives or thesis statement
– What you are setting out to do
Report Body
•
•
•
•
“Tell them”
Equipment
Procedure
Results
Equipment
• Describe the equipment used in the
experiment
• Theory behind equipment operation
• Theory behind sensor operation
Procedure
• Physical test procedure
– Calibration
– Readings that will be taken
• Test matrix
– Describe what parameters and conditions will be
used for each test
• Describe how the results will be analyzed
• Equations
• No results
Results
• Tables and Graphs
– Possibly Raw data
– Values obtained from raw data
– Comparisons to theory or other methods
• Narrative of what is in each graph or table
• Narrative of trends and comparisons
Conclusions and Recommendations
• “Tell them what you told them”
• Restate objectives or thesis statement
• Summary of results
– comparisons
• Possible improvements
• Ideas for future work
Figures, Tables, and Equations
• Figures and tables
– Include figures and tables when ever possible
– Figures and tables can be used in any section of the report.
?Most will appear in the results section.
– Figures and tables are very useful to the reader and help to
summarize data and findings
• Equations
– The equations used to obtain results are normally found in
the procedures section.
• Make reference to and explain all figures, tables, and
equations in the narrative of the report
References
Include a separate reference page in your lab report.
All sources of information used should be referenced.
“Give credit where credit is due.”
– Lab Manuals
– Web Sites
– Books
– Periodical (magazines, journals, other publications)
– Technical papers (SAE paper), Thesis or Dissertations
Time
Volume(1)
25.51
27.83
17.91
15.55
VAM (1/min)
2
4
4
5
h1
5
10
15
20
h2
233
260
305
365
220
217.5
205
187.5
Venturi
dh
h3
13
42.5
100
177.5
h4
227
242.5
270
310
h5
226
235
252.5
280
177
182.5
192.5
210
h6
178
185
195
215
Orifice
h7
h8
170
155
177.5
90
Weir
171
165
150
130
11
19
27
31
Time flow
4.70404
8.62379
13.40034
19.29260
MECH 4400
Flow Metering Lab
Due: 10/9/19
This report will be a full lab report. Fill in Table 1 with the raw data from the laboratory.
The results will be a calibration curve and equation for the venturi meter and orifice plate as a
function of pressure head difference. Also develop a calibration curve and equation for the weir
as a function of height above the base of the weir Lastly include the accuracy of the variable
area meter for each flow in the form of a percent error. The timed flow rate that can be obtained
from the measured time and volume will be used as the standard to develop the calibration
curves and percent error. Be sure to discuss possible sources of error in the conclusions and
recommendations section.
time
(s)
volume
(L)
VAM
(l/min)
5
h1
(mm)
10
15
20
Table 1: Flow Metering Lab Raw Data
h2
(mm)
h3
(mm)
h4
(mm)
h5
(mm)
h6
(mm)
h7
(mm)
h8
(mm)
weir
(mm)

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