Chapter 2 Transitivity Thought Texts & Interpersonal Relations Paper Correct the following for the uploaded “Literature review”: – Rephrase the file to re

Chapter 2 Transitivity Thought Texts & Interpersonal Relations Paper Correct the following for the uploaded “Literature review”:

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*** Word count: 1524 words Chapter 2
Literature review
Overview
If we speak about grammar in English, there are three types of grammar, such as: “theme is the grammar of
discourse”, “mood is the grammar of speech function”, and “transitivity is the grammar of experience”
(Halliday, 1985a).
This chapter provides an overview about transitivity and the processes of transitivity. According to Haliday
(1985a), there are three main functions of Language, such as: thought, texts and interpersonal relations. The
ideal function is to use the language to express the meaning and to convey information. Where the content is the
emphasis, the emphasis will be on the clear and effective transmission of information It can be understood
quickly and easily. Also, The function involves two main systems, such as: transitivity and ergativity, cited in
(Bustam, 2011, 25). A transitivity system is a system that deals with the meaning that is expressed in the
language. All doing, sensing, saying, being, actions that occur in the world. The possible of the language is to
interpret the numbers with elements (such as screen shots of a cartoon or comedies), also their ability to
distinguish these elements in processes, participants in these processes, and the circumstances that occur.
(www.princeton.edu). The concept of transitivity is different from the meaning of transitivity in traditional
rules. “It refers to the system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its object as focused
by transitivity in traditional grammar” (Thomson, 1996). The transitivity system identifies six different types of
processes in English: material, mental, verbal, rational, behavioral and existential. Each process contains of
three elements: the process itself; the participant; and the circumstances. In a simple way “Transitivity is the
study of what people doing by which mainly discussed who does what to whom” (Machin & Mayr, 2012) cited
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What is transitivity?
There are different meanings of transitivity. The traditional concept of transitivity is emphases on if a verb takes
a direct object or not. Halliday’s system develops these concept of transitivity and he defineded a transitivity
from many aspect.
According to Halliday’s introduction to function grammar 2004, “The system of transitivity provides the
lexicogrammatical resources for construing a quantum of change in the flow of events as a figure – as a
configuration of elements centered on a process”. In addition’ another concept of Halliday’s transitivity system
is: “reality is made up of processes of going on, happening, doing, sensing, meaning, being and becoming.”
(Halliday, 1994, p. 106), also according to (Matheson, 2005, p. 66) transitivity is “asking who are the actors,
who are the acted upon, and what processes are involved in that action”. Cited in (Ezzina, 2015, p286)
Halliday (1976: 199) defines transitivity from a functional point of view as “the set of options relating to
cognitive content, the linguistic representation of extra linguistic experience, whether of the phenomena of the
external world or of feelings, thoughts and perceptions”. (Al manna and Al shehari, 2019, p59) comment on
this concept by saying “In the sense that Halliday uses the term, transitivity generally refers to the way in which
meaning is encoded and presented in a clause”. In addition, According to Halliday’s (1994) Systemic
Functional Grammar, “the process of making meanings is simply a process of selecting certain elements from
the linguistic system and excluding others as opting for other elements may well create different meanings, and
so on”
What is Transitivity processes?
In transitivity system, there are six types of processes such as material process, mental process, verbal process,
relational process, behavioral process, and existential process. The table below contains a brief information
about transitivity processes by (Halliday, 1985: 131), and which cited in (Bustam, 2011, p25)
Process type
material:
Category Meaning
action
mental:
affection,
relational:
event
’doing’
‘happening
perception,
sensing’
cognition
’‘feeling’
Participants
Actor, Goal
‘seeing’
‘thinking
Senser, Phenomenon
attribution,
identification
being
‘attributing
’‘identifying
Token, Value Carrier,
Attribute Identified,
Identifier
behavioral
’behaving
Behaver
Verbal
’saying‘
Sayer, Target
Existential
’existing‘
Existent
Let as Now to explain the processes one by one:
1- The material processes
It is “simply processes of doing” (Simpson, 1993: 89). Material process express the idea that object ‘does’
something which may be done to other object. In addition, in the material processes, there are two participants
such as actor and goal. Cited in (Bustam, 2011, p25). for example:
Fatima
cooks
The lunch
actor
process
goal
In addition, other concept of material processes which is cited in (Al manna and Al-Shehari ,2019, p60).
“In material processes (also known as processes of doing and happening), there is an obligatory role of Actor
filled by the doer of the process, an optional role of Goal filled by the entity affected by the process, and an
optional role of Recipient or Client that construes a benefactive role – “they represent a participant that is
benefitting from the performance of the process, in terms of either goods or services. The Recipient is one that
.goods are given to; the Client is one that services are done for”” (Halliday and Matthiessen [1985] 2014: 237)
2- The mental processes:
It is a “process of sensing” (Simpson, 1993: 91). Mental processes are categorized according to the verb used in
the process by Halliday (1994: 116–118; also discussed in Halliday and Matthiessen [1985] 2014: 257;
:Mattthiessen 2004: 208–210) into four types,
Verbs of feeling: (to like, to love, to enjoy, etc)
Verbs of thinking: (to understand, to know, etc)
Verbs of perceiving: (to see, to hear, to smell, etc)
Verb of wanting: (to want, to desire, etc)
Also, in mental process, there are two participant such as “senser and phenomenon Cited in (Bustam, 2011,
p26)
she
love
Her sister
senser
process
phenomenon
Another definition of mental processes which are mentioned in (Almanna and Al-Shehari ,2019, p62).
“Unlike material processes, which are concerned with experiences of the material world. Mental processes
express a state of mind or psychological events; therefore, they have to do with feelings, thinking, perceiving
and wanting, that is, they are internal reactions to different phenomena”
3- The verbal processes
Between Mental and Relational, processes are Verbal processes, which characterize the act of saying. It consists
of three participants such as: “the Sayer is responsible for verbal process”, ‘the Receiver is the person at whom
the verbal process is directed”, and “the Verbiage is the specific statement of the verbal process”. (Ezzina,
2015, p287)
she
asked
Her mother
sayer
process
receiver
Another information about verbal process which cited in (Almanna and Al-Shehari ,2019, p62).
“Verbal processes include all modes of expressing and indicating. They can be either explicit when verbs such
as to say, to tell, to utter, to inform, to express, to complain and so on are used or implicit when verbs such as to
show, to indicate, etc.”
4- The relational processes:
“The process type occurs outside and inside human being. Relational processes are typically realized by the
verb ‘be’ or some verbs of the same class (known as copular verbs); for examples, seem, become, appear, etc,
or sometime by verbs such as have, own, possess. Halliday (1994:119) states that relational process is divided
in the identifying mode, into two modes: identifying relational process and attributive relational process
something has an identity assigned to it. It means that one entity is being used to identify another: ‘X is
identified by A’ or ‘A serves to define the identity of X’ (Halliday, 1994: 122). The X-element is labeled as
identified, which is to be identified, and the A element is labeled as identifier, which serves an identity. This
mode is realized by the verbs: ‘be’ (is, am, are, was, were…), become, etc. Attributive relational processes are
the processes, which assign a quality. ‘A is an attribute of X’. In other words, in this mode an entity has some
quality ascribed or attributed to it (Halliday, 1994:120). This type is realized by the verbs: sound, look, play,
cost, have, get, seem, etc.” (Ezzina, 2015, p287)
5- Behavioral processes
“The behavioral process lies between the material and mental processes. It characterizes the outer expression of
inner working and reflects physiological and psychological behaviours. This type of process usually has one
.participant who is typically a conscious one, called the Behaver” (ibid)
6- Existential processes
“Between Relational and Material processes are Existential processes which prove states of being, existing, and
happening. Existential processes typically employ the verb be or its synonyms such as exist, arise, occur. The
only participant in this process is Existent which follows the there is /are sequences.” (Ezzina, 2015, p288)
The circumstances:
the circumstantial element “serves as an expansion of something else” (Halliday, 1994: 150-1). Circumstantial
elements “refer to the location of an event in time or space, its manner, or its cause a circumstantial element is a
process that has become parasitic on another process. Instead of standing on its own, it serves as an expansion
of something else”. (Halliday, 1994: 150-1). Circumstantial elements “refer to the location of an event in time
or space, its manner, or its cause a circumstantial element is a process that has become parasitic on another
process. Instead of standing on its own, it serves as an expansion of something else”. (Halliday, 1994: 150-1).

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