AMH2020 FSU How USA Achieved Freedom And Equality In 1865 To 1900 I need you to write an essay and answer 3 of 6 questions from the book called “give me my
AMH2020 FSU How USA Achieved Freedom And Equality In 1865 To 1900 I need you to write an essay and answer 3 of 6 questions from the book called “give me my liberty”, Also you need to rely more on my class notes rather than the book to write the essay question. however the 3 other question you should answer them from the book. I upload a file describe the questions. and a pictures of the notes. AMH 2020 EXAM I
Part One: Essay (worth up to 70 points). Answer ONE of the following two questions, and be
sure to follow the instructions for each question carefully.
1) The period from the end of the American Civil War in 1865 to the turn of the 20th century
began with high hopes for the creation of a more free and equal nation. The defeat of the
rebellion and final destruction of slavery opened the door to this possibility. Looking at the
historical events of Reconstruction (1865-1877), the Gilded Age (1870-1890), and the Populist
Era (1890-1900), and citing specific examples from the in-class lectures and films youve
watched on YouTube, write a brief (2 pages, typed, double-spaced, preferably 12-pt font,
roughly 500 words) essay explaining the extent to which the United States did, or did not live
up to the ideal of creating a more free and equal society between 1865 and 1900.
2) The Progressive vision of America at the outset of the 20th century imagined fixes to the stark
problems of inequality raised by the growth of industrial capitalism, along with ways to find
common ground in a nation racked by labor conflict and experiencing massive immigration from
abroad. Many of them saw the First World War as an opportunity to spread Progressive values
around the globe. Looking at the historical events of the Progressive Era and WWI (1900-1920),
and citing specific examples from the in-class lectures and films youve watched on YouTube,
write a brief (2 pages, typed, double-spaced, preferably 12-pt font, roughly 500 words) essay
explaining who the Progressives were, the types of reforms they instituted, whether they solved
the problems of inequality, labor conflict, and immigration, and finally, how the First World War
impacted the Progressives dreams.
Part Two: Short Answer (worth up to 30 points). For THREE of the following terms, please
briefly define your term (i.e. what it was, what happened, etc
), make clear when it occurred,
and finally and most important, why it matters (i.e. what is historically relevant about it, what
consequences did it result in, etc
)
Chapter 15: Freedmens Bureau, Fourteenth Amendment
Chapter 16: Dawes Act, Social Darwinism
Chapter 17: Chinese Exclusion Act, Philippine War
Chapter 18: Industrial Workers of the World, Pure Food and Drug Act
Chapter 19: Zimmerman Telegram, League of Nations
AMH 17 may
Film: reconstruction: the second civil war 1865-1877
Part 2.
– 15th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
– John R Lynch
an African-American Republican politician, writer, attorney and military
officer. Born into slavery in Louisiana, he became free in 1863 under the
Emancipation Proclamation.
During Reconstruction, Lynch joined the Republican Party in
Mississippi. After working as assistant secretary for the Republican State
Convention, Lynch became the Justice of the Peace in Natchez County,
Mississippi. In November 1869 at the age of 22, Lynch was elected to the
Mississippi House of Representatives. Three years later, in 1872 he was
named Speaker of the House.
Later in 1872, Lynch ran for a seat in the United States House of
Representatives. He was elected, winning more than fifty percent of the
popular vote. In Congress Lynch was known primarily for his support of a
civil rights measure that eventually became the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
During his congressional campaign in 1874, Lynch voiced concern for racist
white Democrats attacks on black Republicans in Mississippi, a prelude to
the bloody Mississippi gubernatorial campaign of 1875 where hundreds of
black and white Republicans were killed.
– Negro Role
The term by whites in the south to describe their unhappiness and
displeasure of black Americans having rights and power.
– KKK trials of 1871
Of the original 220 Klansmen who were indicted, only five were prosecuted.
53 others pleaded guilty and the cases against the rest were postponed. The
five who went to trial were all charged with violating the Enforcement Act.
Four of the defendants, Robert Mitchell, John Mitchell, Thomas Whitesides,
and John Millar, were charged with conspiracy to prevent “male citizens of
the United States of African descent” from voting in the upcoming 1872
election.
– The bargain of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal, unwritten deal that
settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in
the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the
South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.
AMH 22 May
Gilded Age 1870-1890
Second industrial revolution
Americas wealth is growing and so as the population. More natural
resources are found, the market is expanding, they were not exporting or
importing many goods as they had enough resources for themselves.
America had enough of a budget to invest in technology and development.
The government were highly motivated in industrial development.
In 1880-1890 they have heavily invested in the growth of the economy by
investing in railroads, they have made a major change in 10 years.
1890 was the end of the gilded period
Shift from Agricultural nation to industrial nation.
The growth happened in most states except for the south as they are
transitioning from a slave society to a free society.
Majority of Americans were employed as non-farming jobs, according to
the 1880 census.
Rise of a new working class in the united states. 11 million americans
moved from the farms to the cities such as Chicago, New York. For jobs.
25 million immigrants come to American and flood the cities as they are
also looking for jobs.
The rail roads have tripled and tripled to new areas in the west for market
and trading reasons.
Thomas Edison Inventor, drived the pace of growth, known for the light
bulb inventor. He made the cost of electricity cheaper.
Atlantic cable connects the world together, big economies have expanded
to other regions. All this stuff falls under the Spirit of Innovation. New
inventions, businesses, jobs, industries, everything is new.
Captains of industry (eg. J.P Morgan) Pioneers, people who are driving
growth, growing their country.
Robber Barons referred to the exploitations of workers, unchecked
accumulation of wealth, monopoly. Getting wealth to themselves.
Too many companies become bankrupt by monopolies that are dominating
the market.
People thought that extremely wealthy people should give something back
to society. So they create libraries, Carnegie, etc. to improve society.
Rockefeller, and his oil company owned 90% of the industry which is a
monopoly. He gave his money away to institutions, was famous for giving
his fortune to medical institutions.
These wealthy people are viewed as either Captains of industry, or Robber
Barons, depends on how each person sees them.
The majority of Americans during the gilded age, have no jobs, live insecure
lives, unhealthy. Millions of workers loose their jobs and some even have
their salary cut.
35000 people get killed yearly on jobs. There are no benefits to their
families when they die.
Working class are very poor, they require every person in the family to
work, even children. If they do not work in factories they will be working by
scavenging the streets.
Thorstein Veblen writer of The theory of the leisure class 1899
o Offers a harsh critique, about conspicuous consumption, he means
that the wealth people spend money not because they need things,
or want things. They just spend money to make sure others people
knew how rich they were.
Jacob Riss writer of How the other half lives 1890
o He documents lifestyle of poor families, how 20 people can live in
one small home. He documents Home conditions, orpans, people
sleeping together to keep themselves warm.
Transformation of the west
The west and north, were seen as free land for people seeking
opportunities.
They wanted to consume everything the country produces.
In 1865, the white settlement did not extend beyond the Mississippi river,
as there were American Indians, about 500k, where they had rich land of
nutrients and supplements.
Digenous people were removed by Americans as they conquered the land
through war, violence that forced them to abandon the area.
Homestead act, where people were given land to work and settle, for
people who are in search of opportunities.
After civil war comes the era of cowboys
After that, mining becomes the big venture. Ores, metals, gold, silver are
found across some states and gold rushes take place.
Nez Perce Chief Joseph they are captured by federal armies and forced
to Indian reservations. They were on a fleeing to Canada 1700 miles.
1887 US congress passes the Dawes Act new law that broke up the
land of Indian tribes, into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families,
and sold to white Americans, Indians were promised US citizenship, 1 year
later Indians would lose 80 million acres of land.
1890 Wounded knee in south Dakota, Indians try to keep their last of
land but Americans massacred the native Americans. (they used a Gatling
gun)
Officers who contributes to the wounded knee massacre were honored and
awarded were medals.
Corporate Power power of big businesses and power of enormous wealth
o Urban political machines.
o William Tweed helped people with jobs, housing, etc. But asked for
their vote in return. He is a corrupt politician working to make
himself rich.
1872 – Credit mobilier scandal – involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the
Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the
eastern portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. The scandal was in
two parts. The construction company charged the railroad far higher rates
than usual, and cash and $9 million in discounted stock were given as
bribes to 15 powerful Washington politicians, including the Vice-President,
the Secretary of the Treasury, four senators, and the Speaker and other
members of the House.
Railroad rates small companies and small farmers were arguing against
the high rates of rail roads.
ICC interstate commerce commission regulatory agency to prevent high
rates of rail roads.
Sherman Anti-trust act no authority to fix problems, they can only take it
to court. ICC and SAA were passed at the same time; it establishes the idea
that the government has the authority to regulate the industry. Though
they do not have authority or ability to do anything.
American Labor movement Working class 8 hour work day
Social Darwinism survival of the fittest the idea of natural evolution.
The great railroad strike of 1877 Terence V Powderly Knights of labor
A national walk-out of railroad companies to protest the pay cut which
caused a lot of problems for the company. Violence breaks out as
authorities try to get workers back to work.
Utopia Perfect Society
Looking Backward Bellameys novel
Social Gospel Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal
conversion but to social reform.
Haymarket affair in Chicago 1886 booming took place in haymarket
square which killed some by standers and police were hurt too, one of the
officers opened fire to the crowd and hit officers too(friendly fire).
AMH 24 May
Peoples party Populists movement Age of imperialism
1890-1900
Homestead strike 1892
Steel mill, Andrew Carnegie and his partner instituted a change in the mills.
They decided to run the mills on a strictly non-union basis. Only workers
who agreed not to join the union can work in the mill. Workers made a
strike against the mill. 8k militia were called in to stop the chaos.
Farmers alliance
The Farmers’ Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement
among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1875. The
movement included several parallel but independent political organizations
the National Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial Union among the white
farmers of the South
Populist movement
The Populist movement was a revolt by farmers in the South and Midwest
against the Democratic and Republican Parties for ignoring their interests
and difficulties. For over a decade, farmers were suffering from crop
failures, falling prices, poor marketing, and lack of credit facilities.
Subtreasury plan – The government gave the farmers warehouses to stock
their crops until they were sold.
Financing system was made to allow farmers to market their crops
Populist movement fought for Labor unions.
They wanted to bring unions together to break the democratic parties,
especially in the south because they used violent force.
In the South, most farmers refused to endanger white supremacy by voting
against the Democratic Party.
In Illinois, workers formed an international wide union that fought against
railroad companies. Major eruption of violence breaks out as federal troops
and authorities come to protect the railroad carts.
Coinage act
The Coinage Act of 1873 or Mint Act of 1873, 17 Stat. 424, was a general
revision of the laws relating to the Mint of the United States. In abolishing
the right of holders of silver bullion to have their metal struck into fully
legal tender dollar coins, it ended bimetallism in the United States, placing
the nation firmly on the gold standard. Because of this, the act became
contentious in later years, and was denounced by people who wanted
inflation as the “Crime of ’73”.
President McKinley
Election 1896 Democratic party was Bryan and Republican party was McKinley.
More people voted for McKinley because they thought Bryan did not make any
sense about the Coinage about silver.
McKinley won the election with 7 million votes and Brian 6 million votes.
Convict leasing
Convict leasing was a system of penal labor practiced in the Southern
United States. Convict leasing provided prisoner labor to private parties,
such as plantation owners and corporations such as the Tennessee Coal and
Iron Company. The lessee was responsible for feeding, clothing, and
housing the prisoners. It was like slavery being recreated.
about 10 percent of Alabama’s total revenue was derived from convict
leasing.
Black farmers suffered the most in the south
Exodusters
Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who migrated from
states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century.
National association of coloured women
The NACW wanted to improve the lives of impoverished African Americans.
The NACWs motto was Lifting as We Climb. They advocated for womens
rights as well as to uplift and improve the status of African Americans. For
example, black men officially had won the right to vote in 1870. Since then,
impossible literacy tests, high poll taxes, and grandfather clauses prevented
many of them from casting their ballots. NACW suffragists wanted the vote
for women and to ensure that black men could vote too.
Jim crow
Jim crow was putting out a series of anti-black laws, that segregated black
and whites in forms of section for whites and section for blacks. Water
for whites and water for colored people is an example.
He has a quote, Separate but equal
People who challenge the system faced violence outcomes such as beating,
killing or lynching.
Ida b wells
as an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist,
feminist, Georgist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
New immigrants
people from eastern Europe (mostly from south of Italy or Poland)
They come in seeking jobs in cities.
There is a stereotype that says any immigrant is a criminal.
Americans feared that if they let the Irish become classified as white
citizens, they will have rights to vote overnight.
Voting rights act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on
August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that
prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th
Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States.
Chinese exclusion
It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.
In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress
and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute
10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration.
AFL American federation of labor
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a national federation of labor
unions in the United States founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886
by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a
national labor association.
Samuel Gompers was the founder of the federation
Womens Christian temperance union
Largest womens organization against alcohol.
Woman suffrage
Women’s suffrage (also known as female suffrage, woman suffrage or
women’s right to vote) is the right of women to vote in elections.
American imperialism
American Imperialism. A term that refers to the economic, military, and
cultural influence of the United States on other countries.
Americans wanted to expand to other countries.
Manilla bay battle
The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish
American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George
Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral
Patricio Montojo. The battle took place in Manila Bay in the Philippines, and
was the first major engagement of the SpanishAmerican War. The battle
was one of the most decisive naval battles in history and marked the end of
the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history.
The platt amendment
Approved on May 22, 1903, the Platt Amendment was a treaty
between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba’s
independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S.
involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the
enforcement of Cuban independence.
PhilippineAmerican War
over 100k Filipinos were killed.
It was a genocide.
The Philippines does not want independence from the US.
White mans burden
the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization
on the black inhabitants of their colonies.
AMH 26 May
Progressive Era 1900-1916
Triangle shirtwaist factory
The factory held 500 young Jewish/Italian immigrant workers that produced lady
blouses, some of them earned less that 3$ a week.
A fire burst out but there was one door for them to escape, and it was locked. Few
somehow managed to escape.
By the time the fire went out they found 46 people dead who jumped out. And about a
100 inside the factory. It was gutted by the tire as there was nothing left in the factory.
Because of that incident, a storm of news channels were spreading the happening. This
made new laws and regulations which lead to safety codes being placed for businesses.
Consumer Culture
Consumer culture is a form of capitalism in which the economy is focused on the selling
of consumer goods and the spending of consumer money. Most economists agree that
the United States is a consumer culture.
Progressives
Progressivism is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social
problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social
movement and …
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