Georgia Tech Photovoltaic System Using MPPT Incremental Conductance Method Paper THE WRITING HERE NEED TO BE VERY PROFESSIONAL AND VALUABLE INFORMATION. Pl

Georgia Tech Photovoltaic System Using MPPT Incremental Conductance Method Paper THE WRITING HERE NEED TO BE VERY PROFESSIONAL AND VALUABLE INFORMATION. Please put great effort for it. NO PLAGIARISM

SO this is a proposal Project and what I have here two files one that I copy from the internet and I need everything there Rewrite so I do not get caught and I need the empty section to be written. second file is the guidlines.

Letter of Transmittal:

it is an example from teacher. It need to be changed completely because the one there is from my teacher.

I need you to do a Table of Contact, List of figures, and List of tables.

Executive summary :

it is an example from teacher. It need to be changed completely because the one there is from my teacher.

Abstract, Problem definition, background, technical description, conceptual design, (and their parts beneath it under it): rewrite all of it because I copy it from my friend and internet. And make super professional writing.

the design function:

explain all the pictures and valuable information to support the pictures.

Conclusion:

write something professional

summary:

write something professional

References:

Add references here Letter of Transmittal
Dr. XXXX
The XYZ team is presenting a report concerning the proposed design of a system to measure and
record the vital signs of a driver of the ABC vehicle. The purpose of this report is to inform you
of the progress being made and the design that was selected. The selection criteria are included
as well as the team members’ skills and resumes. If you have any questions or comments
regarding the project, please contact me at (234) 567-8910.
Sincerely,
XXXXX
XYZ Team Manager
Caver page
Table of Contact
List of Figures
List of Tables
Executive Summary (EX)
This project design team was put together to find a method of extracting micro algae from its
growing medium in a way that is efficient, and scalable. The design we are working on is based
on five to ten-gallon batches with the ability to scale the design up for industrial use. We plan to
design a system that will isolate microalgae from its cultivation solution. This will be done using
flocculants to cause the microalgae in the solution to clump and sink to the bottom. After the
algae has precipitated to the bottom, the cultivation solution will then be decanted off and fed
back into the cultivation tank. The microalgae will then be ready for the oil extraction process.
We are expecting a 70% removal of the cultivation solution from the microalgae, along with
70% of the microalgae to be isolated from the initial input solution. We also intend to have the
system to recover more than 60% of the initial input cultivation solution, along with low costs
associated with chemical additives, energy costs, and waste products.
The algae team is composed of four engineering students from the engineering program at the
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Each engineering student is assigned a position on the
team, and each has a specialization to contribute to the group. There are two chemical engineers,
one environmental/chemical engineer, and one mechanical engineer. The mechanical engineer
specializes in system mechanics such as pump specifications, energy usage, and pressure
differentials. The chemical specialists have knowledge of reaction specifications, volumetric
requirements, and chemical reaction mechanisms. The environmental/chemical engineer
specializes in chemicals and their effects on living organisms, as well as legal codes and
regulations.
The final product of this system will be algae that are ready to be processed for its oil, which
then will be used for biofuels. Biofuels are a clean and renewable alternative to crude oil and will
be one of the next big leaps in the technology of the global infrastructure.
Abstract
Renewable sources such as the Photovoltaic Systems (PV) have been used over decades in order
to focus on greener sources of power generation. Today it has become a matter of concern on
how to reduce COST and improve EFFICIENCY in order to harness and use these natural
resources in a much better way possible. Hence the idea of Maximum Power Point Tracking
System (MPPT) has emerged, which is basically a system used by charge controllers for wind
turbines and Photovoltaic Systems to employ and also provide a maximized power output. This
Thesis is mainly concerned with the utilization of such a system in order to achieve a controlled
photovoltaic power using MPPT mechanism. The main aim of this project was to track the
maximum power point of the photovoltaic module so that the maximum possible power can be
extracted from the photovoltaic systems by varying certain conditions in algorithm and set up
mechanism. Finally, the output data from this project was compared with the other MPPT
algorithms in order to attain an improved performance hence a better MPPT system.
Problem definition
As solar power increases in popularity, the need for this power to become more efficient
is evident. Clean, renewable energy sources are becoming more desirable throughout the world,
and solar power provides this. Unfortunately, solar energy is not as efficient as traditional energy
sources such as coal, but electronics can be used to create more stable and efficient sources to
offset the problems associated with using solar panels. The problem that arises is that many of
these electronics are quite expensive, and do not necessarily work well outside of a larger
system. These systems are often very complex, and not easily repaired or modified.
To fix the problem of price and complexity, a low cost, easy to use electronic system can
be created to better provide solar power. Making this system simple to modify, economical, and
repairable is a necessity, especially if it is to be deployed in rural or developing areas. By
creating a streamlined, hardy device, solar power can be made more readily available and
affordable than conventional energy use.
Background
Crisis of electricity is a major problem in recent times and it is even more critical for a densely
populated poverty corrupted developing third world country like ours. Many of us live here
without one of the basic facilities which is electricity. In some areas outside the city, there is
general electricity service called ‘PALLI BIDYUT’ which can supply a very limited amount of
electricity to those areas. As days go by the crisis of electricity is increasing whereas no other
solution is left for us without harnessing the gift of nature into electricity hence by use of the
solar power or wind turbine to generate this electricity requirement. Not only we face electricity
crisis but also day by day the cost of gas and other natural resources like fuel, diesel and
petroleum are hiking. Hence using the solar energy is the best alternative for this country and
very much suited for its weather conditions. Along with that having an MPPT solar charge
controller ensures a much better efficient use of converting this solar energy to the desired power
source.
Technical Description
Section 1
System Description using block diagram:
Fig: 1.1 An overview of our system with its major components is shown as a block diagram.
a) Solar panel
b) MPPT Solar Charge Controller
c) Battery
Each of the major components shown in the block diagram are briefly described below:
The Panel Solar
Solar panels are such type of devices which convert light into electricity. A solar panel is a
collection of solar cells. It depends on the amount of light hitting the cells s more the light that
hits a cell, the more electricity it produces. Spacecraft’s are usually designed with solar panels
that can always be pointed at the Sun even while rest of the body of the spacecraft moves around.
As we all know the energy from the sun is renewable (not a finite source) and it is completely
pollution-free source of electricity. Instead of burning fossil fuels dug up from the ground in big
power plants which is a finite source of energy, solar panels convert sunlight directly into
electricity, with no harmful emissions.
Use of solar panels in rural areas on roof of houses.
The basic unit of a solar panel is a solar cell, which usually consists of one or two layers of
silicon-based semiconductor wafers. When the solar cells are struck by the photons in sunlight,
they generate an electrical charge due to the “photovoltaic effect” which basically means that it
produces voltage from photons. The flow of these electrons causes a steady electrical current
from one side of the cell to the other.
Dozens of these PV cells are packaged together and called solar modules, which again are
packaged into solar panels that are straddling on a rooftop and arranged to maximize their hours
of exposure to direct sunlight. The electricity generated by all those solar cells is direct current
(DC), it is for this reason that this current is then sent to and inverter that transforms it into the
same alternating current (AC) and then ready to be used by the appliances at home or even for
the local utility electricity distribution grid.
MPPT Solar Charge Controller
The core function of a charge controller is to maintain the battery at highest possible state of
charge so when the PV module charges the battery the charge controller shields the battery from
overcharge and detaches the load to prevent deep or full discharging. In other words, it simply
performs the necessary function of ensuring that the batteries cannot be damaged by overcharging by effectively cutting off the current from the PV panels when the battery voltage
reaches a certain level. So basically, a Maximum Power Point Tracking Solar Charge Controller
performs an extra function to improve the system efficiency.
The efficiency loss in a basic system is due to a miss-match between voltage produced by the PV
panels and that required to charge the batteries under certain conditions. Ideally, charge
controller directly controls the state of charge of the battery. Without charge control, the current
from the module will flow into a battery proportional to the ‘IRRADIANCE’ (the radiant power
received by a surface per unit area), whether the battery needs to be charging or not. If the
battery is fully charged, unregulated charging will cause the battery voltage to reach exceedingly
high levels, causing electrolyte loss, internal heating and also might lead to grid corrosion. So,
we can basically say that a charge controller maintains the health and extends the lifetime of the
battery. Hence the necessity of having such a type of charge controller has immense advantage
while using solar panels. This work done by the controller has a very complex mechanism where
the main components are a converter and sensor. There are certain algorithms assigned to the
system in order to compare and decide on that right voltage and power which makes the whole
system a truly smart and further efficient. So from the sunlight captured by the PV panels are
then turned into current which is later sent to these controllers for further modifications.
Battery
The battery’s main responsibility is to store the charge modified from the solar charge controller
for later use. Since solar energy is concerned selecting the right type of battery is the most
important thing. So, in this case the deep cycle type battery is preferred for its efficiency.
Basically, deep cycle batteries are energy storing units in which chemical reactions occurs that
generates voltage hence generates electricity. The reason it is called deep cycled because it
works in two cycles.
1) Charging cycle
2) Discharging cycle.
The methodology followed by the deep cycle batteries is very interesting. While a car battery is
designed to supply an instant bulk of energy to start up, a deep cycle battery is designed to
provide power at a balanced rate slowly powering up the load.
Again, there are different types of deep cycle batteries which are categorized more vividly for
more efficient using in different climatic condition. They are as follows,
1) Flooded batteries
2) Gel batteries
3) AGM (absorbed glass mat) 4) Lithium ion
As long as conventional scenario is concerned flooded batteries is mostly used in the standalone
PV systems. Other types are also used in off-grid connections. Lithium-ion batteries are
preferably used in grid-connected systems in many households but are not that much popular for
not being cost efficient.
Section2
Full System Overview
Photovoltaic Panels
The whole process by which a photovoltaic cell works is fairly complex. To put it quite simply
the mechanism is as such; the light excites electrons to move from one layer to another through
semi-conductive silicon materials. This ultimately produces an electric current. This whole
process is called the photo electric effect. Solar cells called photovoltaic which are made from
thin slices of crystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, or other semiconductor materials which are
capable of converting solar radiation directly into electricity.
The generation of electric current happens inside the depletion zone of the p-n junction. The area
around the p-n junction is called the depletion zone where the electrons from the “n-type”
silicon, have diffused into the holes of the “p-type” material. Whenever a photon of light hits the
surface and is absorbed by one of these atoms in the “n-type” silicon it will dislodge an electron,
thus creating a free electron and a hole. The free electron and hole produced have sufficient
Mechanism of a PV Panel
energy to jump out of the depletion zone. If a wire is connected from the cathode (n-type silicon)
to the anode (p-type silicon) electrons will flow (current) through the wire. The electron is
attracted to the positive charge of the “p-type” material and travels through the external load
creating a flow of electric current. The hole which is created by the freed electron is attracted to
the negative charge of “n-type” material and drifts to the back electrical contact. As the electron
enters the “p-type” silicon from the back electrical contact it combines with the hole
reestablishing the electrical neutrality.
By connecting large numbers of these cells into modules, the cost of photovoltaic electricity gets
reduced to certain amount per kilowatt-hour. The simplest solar cells provide small amounts of
power for watches and calculators. There are more complex systems which can provide
electricity to houses and electric grids.
Photovoltaic cell model
The characteristics of a PV cell can be further explained using an equivalent circuit shown in the
Fig: 2.3. The PV model consists of a current source, a diode and a series resistance. The effect of
parallel resistance represents the leakage resistance of the cell which is very small in a single
module. The current source represents the current which is generated by the photons, and its
output is constant under constant temperature and constant incident radiation of light.
Equivalent circuit of PV cell
Current-voltage (I-V) curves are obtained by exposing the cell to a constant level of light, while
maintaining a constant cell temperature, varying the resistance of the load, and measuring the
produced current. When an I-V curve is drawn it normally passes through two points:
•Short-circuit current (Isc ): This is the current produced when the positive and negative
terminals of the cell are short-circuited (i.e., when the solar cell is short circuited), and the
voltage between the terminals is zero, which corresponds to zero load resistance.
• Open-circuit voltage ( Voc): This is the voltage across the positive and negative terminals
under open-circuit conditions, when the current is zero, which corresponds to infinite load
resistance.
The I-V graphs showing the characteristic of a PV cell
Maximum Power Point Tracking
The Power-Voltage or current-voltage curve of a solar panel, there is a peak operating point at
which the Solar Panel delivers the maximum possible power to the load. This unique point is
called the maximum power point (MPP) of solar panel. The photovoltaic nature of the solar
panels makes the (Power-Voltage or current-voltage) curves depend on temperature and
irradiance (the flux of radiant energy per unit area) levels. In other words, depending on the
amount of sunlight per unit area of the panels the curve will vary hence the peak point or MPP
will vary accordingly. Therefore, it can be deduced that the operating current and voltage which
maximize power output will change with environmental conditions.
Shows the variation of maximum Power Point (MPP) at different sunlight conditions
From the Fig: XXX it can be seen that the MPP depends on certain conditions such as the
irradiance for instance which is given by the symbol ‘G’. At different values of G from the graph
it can be seen how the values of MPP has slightly shifted. It is hence the work of charge
controller using certain algorithm to calculate the MPP at every instance providing the maximum
power hence making the system more efficient. In these applications, the load can demand more
power than the PV system can deliver. There are many different approaches to maximizing the
power from a PV system, this range from using simple voltage relationships to more complexes
multiple sample-based analysis.
MPPT Methods
Incremental Conductance Method
An observation based on a P-V characteristic curve the Incremental Conductance Method was
planned. In 1993 when this algorithm was made it was intended to overcome some drawbacks of
the P&O algorithm. The MPP can be calculated with the help of the relation between dI/dV and I/V. The incremental conductance method is based on the fact that, the slope of the PV array of
the power curve is zero at the MPP, positive on the left of the MPP and negative on the right on
the MPP. This can be given by,
So, if the MPP lies on right side, / < -I/V and then the Photo Voltaic voltage must be reduced to reach the MPP. In order to find the MPP IC method can be used, it has been known to improve the PV efficiency, reduce power loss and also the system cost. When IC method is implemented in a microcontroller it is seen to produce a much more stable performance compared to P&O method. The procedure starts with measuring the present values of PV module voltage and current. Then, it computes the incremental changes, dI (change in current) and dV (change in voltage), which uses the present and previous values of the voltage and current. With the help of the relationships in the equations mentioned above the main check is then done. If the condition satisfies the inequality equation shown above, it is assumed that the operating point is at the left side of the MPP thus must be moved to the right by increasing the module voltage. Similarly, if the condition satisfies the inequality equation, it is assumed that the operating point is at the right side of the MPP, thus must be moved to the left by decreasing the module voltage. Benefits: o o o o • It is able to successfully detect any changes in the irradiation and shift its MPP value by adjusting the duty cycle. • It has a good tracking efficiency • This method reduces oscillation around the MPP point • It is able to reduce power loss and system cost as well Drawbacks: • The computational time is increased due to slowing down of the sampling frequency resulting from the higher complexity of the algorithm compared to the P&O method. Shows the Flowchart of the Incremental and conductance Method The proposed Arduino based MPPT Solar Charge Controller Design In our project the Maximum Power point Tracker was implemented using an Arduino with the preferred program to execute the desired algorithm. The panel voltage and current is taken where the implemented program will run and with the help of this algorithm that the MPP will be achieved. Through our research and by judging all possible methods for calculating the MPP value we have taken necessary steps starting from the testing process and finally implementing each component of our design one by one hence designing the charge controller. We have mainly carried out certain tests such as the panel testing, current sensor testing, voltage divider testing and also battery testing. The algorithm we have used is of the Incremental and conductance method which we have followed for our design. The current sensing was also a crucial part of the design. Conceptual Design Section3 Hardware Section: Make sure to change it panel specifications: The PV module we used is based on polycrystalline silicon diode. Usually, this type of PV module is used in home usage, project-based work where the cost should be in a reasonable range. The specifications provided with our PV module is given below. • Power (max): 100W • Cell type & efficiency: Monocrystalline • Dimensions: 41.6*20.7*1.38 in • Tolerance: 0 ~ ± 3 % • Voltage at maximum point (V mp): 17.0 V • Current at maximum point (I mp) : 2.95A • Open circuit voltage (Voc): 21.0 V • Short circuit cu... Purchase answer to see full attachment