GEO350 Academy Art The Impact of Institutional Racism on Chinese Immigrants Presentation according to the file/article i upload, you need make a good power

GEO350 Academy Art The Impact of Institutional Racism on Chinese Immigrants Presentation according to the file/article i upload, you need make a good power point and speech draft (7-10 mins) . you also need to use the tables in the files( they are below the article). you can use google slides. Surname 1
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The Impact of Institutional Racism on Chinese Immigrants
Introduction
Over the past decades, institutional racism has been a prevalent issue affecting millions of
immigrants living in the United States. The concept involves the normalization and legalization
of particular dynamics that mostly benefit the majority race while producing cumulative adverse
effects for the minority race. More so, racism is propagated through a discriminative system
characterized by white hegemony as the society offers more freedom, power, and special
treatment to the white individuals, overlooking all racially oppressed individuals such as the
immigrants. Racism in America is exemplified by the majority community in different aspects of
the society such as social status, economics and cultures. Notably, institutional racism indicates
that all assumptions of race are structured within the social and economic institutions.
Organizations, businesses, and institutions such as schools and police departments indulge in
deliberate or indirect discrimination of individuals of the minority ethnicity to limit their rights.
New York City (NYC) is one of the U.S cities popular as the ultimate city of immigrants. Many
Chinese have migrated to NYC and just like other immigrants, they have to deal with
institutional racism. Given that institutional racism in the U.S. has focused on cultural
assumptions of the whites are the majority community in the country, it is worth exploring the
impact of such racism on Chinese immigrants.
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Chinese immigrants living in the U.S. have been imperiled continuously to institutional
racism through extensive economic and social discrimination. The activities have prompted the
Chinese immigrants to establish an ethnic business territory to avoid the menace. Since the 19 th
century, there was a remarkable increase of skilled Chinese immigrants in the country, an aspect
that coupled up with the acquisition of civil rights that enabled the group to advocate against
racial discrimination. Although various measures have been adopted to minimize racism,
Chinese Americans earn low wages paralleled to other ethnic groups (U.S. Census Bureau). Prior
reports indicated that Chinese living in NYC had lower incomes compared to other residents of
the city. For instance, a median family income for Chinese and city residents were $50,889 and
$59,285 respectively. Besides, the per capita income of Chinese New Yorkers was $26,828 as
opposed to $33,078 citywide (Asian American Federation 3). On top of that, Chinese New
Yorkers are still enduring discrimination even in a period when the U.S. has made substantial
improvement in eradicating the gap in racial groups. Therefore, many Chinese in NYC have been
compelled to shift to work positions considered less race-problematic.
Significance of the Study
Institutional racism presents disproportional asylum policies, an aspect that has subjected
Chinese New Yorkers to intense discrimination. Based on the context of U.S. immigrants, the
findings of the study will redound the prevalence of institutional racism in the U.S. and the
impacts of the same on Chinese immigrants. Moreover, the study focuses on ascertaining the
impact of the discrimination on the social, economic and mental state of Chinese immigrants.
The study postulates that the discriminatory policies causing race-based stress have a significant
effect on the overall well-being of Chinese immigrants. The outcomes of the study will be used
to determine the comparison and provide insight into the issue of eradicating institutional racism
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in the U.S. systems. For researchers, this study will guide them to examine critical aspects of
institutional racism that have not been widely explored in the past.
Literature Review
Race and racism are factors that have influenced American history for a long period. Initially, the
nation capitalized on racism and discrimination to establish its colonies, an aspect that resulted in
the development of the United States as a force compelled by the quest for political, economic,
and religious freedom. Due to the perspective, various immigrants living in the U.S. have been
subjected to different forms of racism and discrimination (Young 217). This section reviews past
studies that discuss institutional racism, Chinese immigration, and the impact of racism on the
social and economic aspects of the Chinese immigrants.
Overview of Institutional Racism in the U.S.
Institutional racism is the methodical dissemination of power and opportunities in the
society with the intent of benefitting the majority community while excluding the minorities. The
modern-day racism in the U.S. is centered on a history of discrimination in the distribution of
resources and ideas that shape our conceptualization on ourselves and others. Racism
encompasses classified systems characterized by various policies that various institutions have
maintained over the years (Causadias and Korous 147). In the U.S., institutional racism has
highly contributed to aspects such as slavery, segregation, Indian reservations, residential
schools, and minority detention camps. Although a majority of the institutions were abolished,
they left behind long-term effects on society. Due to institutional racism, discrimination and
inequalities are evident in different sectors such as education, housing, employment, healthcare,
and government shares. In terms of immigration and citizenship, approximately 70% of Chinese
living in NYC in 2015 were foreign-born with 55% holding citizenship by naturalization.
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Altogether, diverse inequalities are apparent in the U.S. despite the laws passed in the mid -20th
century to proscribe discrimination.
Institutional racism differs from racial prejudice as it includes systematic policies and
approaches enforced within institutions that affect particular ethnic groups. Additionally, it
occurs in systems where the power to initiate and implement policies is endowed on white
individuals as they comprise the majority population in the nation (Golash-Boza 130). Some of
the current forms of institutional racism are evident in housing sectors and financial institutions
such as banks. Moreover, security and law enforcement workers have promoted racial profiling
by targeting minority communities. Institutions have also capitalized on stereotyped racial
travesties, and there is misrepresentation of the immigrant’s groups in media discussions
(Hainmueller and Hopkins 530). Therefore, institutional racism acts as a significant challenge for
immigrants by posing barriers to education, employment, and professional development based on
their race.
History of Chinese Immigration
Chinese Immigrants are considered as the third-largest percentage of minorities living in
the U.S. after Indians and Mexicans. The population has increased consistently over the past
couple of decades. In Asia, the Chinese were the first people to immigrate to the U.S in large
numbers and first to seek acknowledgement as American citizens. A significant number of
Chinese immigrants have been settling in NYC for many generations to the extent that the city
has become home to the largest ethnic Chinese population. In New York City, Chinese
population is the largest Asian ethnic group.
As opposed to other city residents, Chinese population were more likely to be less
educated, have limited English proficiency, lower income, live in poverty and overcrowded
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housing (Asian American Federation 1). The report released in 2015 revealed that the Chinese
population increased by 16 % from 2010. New York City accommodates about 82% of Chinese
residents living in different places within the city including Queens, Manhattan, and Brooklyn.
Notably, the Chinese immigration process to the U.S. occurred in two major phases, with the
first happening in the 1850s, and the second movement happened from the 1970s up to date.
During the 1850s, several Chinese workers move to the U.S. as casual workers in the mines,
farms, and factories. The immigrants provided labor in the construction of railroads and other
low-skills jobs in West America (Zong and Batalova). As the number of Chinese laborers
continued rising in the nation, some of them became entrepreneurs in different sectors. More so,
as the population increased, it heightened anti-Chinese protests and labor unions pressure within
the American society. In 1882, the friction prompted the institution of legislation termed as the
Chinese Exclusion Act. The law was a political reaction aimed at limiting the future immigration
of Chinese workers in the U.S. and hindering the Chinese residents from acquiring American
citizenship. Consequently, the actions jeopardized the diplomatic association between the U.S.
and China.
In 1943, the legislation was repealed, although only a few Chinese individuals managed
to settle in the U.S. due to other strict limitations instituted on immigrants. During the late 1960s
and 1970s, there were different policy changes between the U.S. and China that resulted in
incredible changes in Chinese migration. One of the policy changes was the 1965 U.S.
Immigration Act that reinstated migration opportunities for immigrants and established
provisional worker programs for skilled workers. Additionally, in 1978, China also amended its
expatriation regulations, and in 1979, the U.S.-China relations were stabilized. The changes
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resulted to a tremendous increase of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. from 299,000 in 1980 to
estimates of 2.1 million in 2016.
Institutional Racism on Chinese Immigrants
Institutional racism allows the majority race to take advantage of the minority groups in
various sectors. Initially, the approach was utilized to restrain minorities from accessing equal
social and economic prospects in the society. Institutional racism is complex and challenging to
address compared to other types of racism as it incorporates diverse racist ideologies that are
only comprehended and endorsed by the majority race group. As of 2016, the Chinese
immigrants in the U.S. were approximated at 2.3 million, with Mexico and India comprising the
largest immigrant populations in the nation (Lew-Williams 42). The population of Chinese
Americans has been steadily increasing in the U.S. Conversely, Chinese Americans are
considered as ‘model minority,’ a myth indicating that due to the group’s social mobility and
intrinsic capacity to succeed, they have never experienced intense discrimination. Moreover, the
group is closely associated with whiteness; hence, making them less vulnerable to
discrimination. On the contrary, while the group is considered a model minority, they have
endured intense institutional racism faced by other minority groups.
During the 1960s, the U.S. adopted various government policies that resulted in the
increase of Chinese immigrants. The migration process was heightened by the Immigration Act
of 1965 and the standardization of the U.S.-China relationship. Ever since, the systems have
widely integrated institutional racism that has affected the social and economic wellbeing of
many immigrants. Although the approach had positive criticism, it has lost support over the past
years. Based on the perspective, this study examines the impact of the past affirmative efforts of
institutional racism on Chinese immigrants. The approach is significant considering past research
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that have indicated that the Asian minority groups have been highly discriminated in various
sectors in the U.S. Presently, Chinese immigrants are expected to outdo their white counterparts
and other minority races to attain positions in different institutions within the country.
Chinese immigrants living in America have been constantly subjected to discrimination,
an aspect that has limited their capacity to assimilate to the white mainstream. According to
congressional and judicial verdicts, immigrants are barred for naturalization, making them
politically disenfranchised, and their constitutional rights were violated (Bonilla-Silva 1360).
Due to such circumstances, the Chinese Americans established their settlement within their
Chinatowns, where they fought racism through aggressive litigation. What is more, the group
had active roles in various development projects and formed political movements aimed at
modernizing China. Conversely, despite the efforts to endorse assimilation, the approach was
considered an impracticality.
During the 19th century, a majority of Chinese immigrants never considered a future in
the United States. The conceptualization prompted them to adopt a high tolerance for racial
discrimination and adversities to maintain their Chinese lifestyle. Some of the approaches
included the upholding of Chinese customs and festivals, living modestly, and constant
remittance to family members. Immigrant parents educated their children on Chinese culture,
language, promoted arranged marriages and enrolled them to Chinese schools. Moreover, the
Chinese joined social organizations and family groups that catered for the mutual interests and
welfare of individuals with common family names. The organizations enabled them to solve their
disputes, locate favorable job opportunities, create schools and temples, and facilitate social and
cultural events. Contrariwise, while the organizations had a huge significance in the community,
they were also oppressive and limited the Chinese Americans’ social and political development.
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The model minority view has propagated institutional racism against Chinese
immigrants. The concept is a myth instituted by white supremacy with the intent of defending
American society from the racism accusation leveled by the minority groups and their advocates.
Initially, the Chinese were considered as inferior to promote the interests of the white
community. However, in the 1960s, the argument changed as the Chinese Americans started to
economically overtake the whites due to their outstanding assertiveness and hard work. As the
black community triumphed against racial discrimination and segregation, the white community
was more intrigued by the fact that other racial minority (Asians) were succeeding without
governmental aid. The white supremacy was concerned that the Chinese immigrants were
advancing through hard work, minding their business, and not complaining about the American
system.
The U.S. judicial system has disregarded the issue of institutional racism directed to
Chinese immigrants. More so, their successful status has been used to hush other immigrant
communities that advocate against prejudice and improved services in the system. The activities
have further isolated the Chinese from other minorities who would act as associates in the battle
against institutional racism. The white community has utilized the ‘model minority’ concept as a
divide and conquer strategy to justify their discrimination activities. The misconception has
convinced the U.S. power institutions that the Chinese immigrants are better off and they do not
require immediate support from the administration (Zong and Batalova). The depiction of the
Chinese Americans as successful has prompted the general public, government officials, and
judiciary to overlook and sideline their dire needs.
On matters of economy, the Chinese Americans match and exceed the average American
family’s annual household income. Various indicators have illustrated the preference of Chinese
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Americans, such as the high rates of residential settlements and intermarriages between Chinese
immigrants and other members of society. Even though such factors overlook the discrimination
in the availability of educational and economic opportunities presently and in the past, they
exemplify the increased cultural and social amalgamation of the group into American society
(Keister et al. 8). Compared to other racial groups, Chinese immigrants have not been fully
assimilated in U.S. culture as a majority of them still uphold their Chinese culture. They have
also continued to be discriminated and categorized as “others” in periods of economic and
political turmoil. What is more, from a marginalization perspective, they remain susceptible to
hate delinquencies, discrimination in housing, education, employment, and limited access to
public housing. Based on the outlook, it is clear that the Chinese immigrants have integrated
rather than assimilated in conventional American society.
Chinese Americans experiences in the U.S. Institutions
Many decades later, there are millions of American citizens of Chinese ancestry.
Presently, there is much evidence of the continuous discrimination and cruelty by Whites against
Asians, particularly Chinese immigrants. However, many descendants of Chinese immigrants
have positively adopted the American culture. In consideration of the divergence between
integration and assimilation, the experience of the Chinese Americans indicates that they have
only integrated the American way of life. The group epitomize a relative preference for
indulging in the society along with other racial groups, an aspect exemplified by the increased
participation of the Chinese in the U.S. education system.
The Chinese community considers education as a significant pathway to selfimprovement and socioeconomic development. Currently, the educational attainment of Chinese
immigrants exceeds the state average as they focus on attaining their Bachelor’s, graduate, and
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professional degrees. In education, the model minority concept has hoodwinked policymakers
into ignoring issues facing Chinese immigrant students and their required services (Zhang-Wu
1174). Precisely, Chinese New Yorkers had less schooling compared to the city’s general
population. Specifically, a significant number of Chinese adults had not graduated from high
school. Besides, these new Yorkers, especially the adults, have less than ninth grade education as
opposed to other city residents. Immigrant students use English as their second language, and the
myth has prompted many to believe that the students can thrive with minimal support and
without special programs and services. The perspective also has limited parents, teachers and
schools from acknowledging the instructional, psychological, and emotional needs of many
underachieving Chinese American students (Zhou and Wang 20). For instance, the Chinese
living in New York City showed a higher cases of limited English proficiency compared to other
New Yorkers. Majority of the Chinese population in New York spoke English well, not well, or
not at all (Asian American Federation 3). Chinese children especially the seniors had higher
limited English proficiency than their age-groups in the city. The Chinese students also face
discrimination from students of other races, an aspect that affects their mental health and
emotional wellbeing (Yao 88). Notably, college and advanced degrees are less valuable for
Chinese Americans compared to whites. The returns on education instead of educational levels
are indicators of institutional racism propagated in the U.S. education system (Smith 589).
Contrariwise, just like other immigrants in the U.S., the Chinese cannot attain equal returns on
their education investments compared to the white community.
Ultimately, the Chinese-Americans have continued to endure active discrimination
compared to other racial groups. Rather than education, it is more challenging for immigrants to
secure job opportunities. Employment discrimination has been heightened by the fact that
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Chinese-Americans are considered unsuitable for high-ranking management positions within
various organizations. The theorization deemed as the ‘bamboo ceiling’ indicates the reason why
all employees of Asian descent tend to be labelled as competent but low in gove…
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