Barclay College Chapter 9 SAPs Strategy and Business Design Paper please check up the doc and follow the instructor. please check up the doc and follow th
Barclay College Chapter 9 SAPs Strategy and Business Design Paper please check up the doc and follow the instructor.
please check up the doc and follow the instructor.
please check up the doc and follow the instructor.
thanks CHAPTER
7
Ethics
Ethics is not a doctrine about how to make
ourselves happy but about how we are to be worthy
of happiness.
IMMANUEL KANT
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OuTlinE And lEARning ObjECTivEs
7.1
What Is Ethics?
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: When finished, youll be able to:
?? Explain what it means to say that ethics is the study of morality.
7.2 Is Ethics Relative?
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: When finished, youll be able to:
?? Describe and critically evaluate the theory of ethical relativism.
7.3 Do Consequences Make an Action Right?
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: When finished, youll be able to:
?? Explain, evaluate, and use the theories of ethical egoism, act utilitarianism,
and rule utilitarianism.
7.4 Do Rules Define Morality?
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: When finished, youll be able to:
?? Explain, evaluate, and apply scriptural divine command theories, natural law
theory, Kantian ethics, and Buddhist ethics.
7.5 Is Ethics Based on Character?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: When finished, youll be able to:
?? Explain, evaluate, and use virtue ethics.
?? Explain and critically evaluate the ethic of caring as a feminist ethic.
7.6 Can Ethics Resolve Moral Quandaries?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: When finished, youll be able to:
?? Apply ethical theories to the moral issues of abortion and euthanasia.
?? thinking critically Engage in moral reasoning that uses ethical theory and
avoids fallacious moral thinking.
Chapter Summary
7.7 Readings
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Heavenly Christmas Tree
Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence, and Morality
Milosz_G/Shutterstock.com
7.8 Historical Showcase: Nietzsche and Wollstonecraft
487
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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488
CHAPTER 7
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ETHiCS
7.1 What is Ethics?
Our moral decisions are an inescapable part of who we are. Listen to the voices of
these young men and women:
All the other times when i did care about [birth control], when i was so afraid, i didnt get any
satisfaction out of it at all, even during the whole intercourse. it seemed so one-way. Here im
so wrapped up in being scared and hes getting the good end of it. Hes not really worrying
about whats going to happen to you. Hes only worrying about himself. This time i think what
i really thought was if you dont think about it, maybe
youll get something out of it. So i guessed it wouldnt
THinking likE A PHilOsOPHER
be a hassle, i wouldnt worry about it. And i did get a
lot more out of it, not worrying about it. i had thought
Has a friend of yours ever considered having an abortion?
about getting birth control pills with my boyfriend
if so, did you tell her how you felt about abortion? if none
before, but that worked to where it was a one-way
of your friends has had to consider this, then imagine one
street for his benefit, not for mine. it would be mine
of your friends was considering having an abortion. What
because i wouldnt get pregnant, but safe for him, too,
would you tell her if she asked for your advice?
because i wouldnt put him on the spot. So i get sick
of being used. im tired of this same old crap; forget it.
im not getting pills for his benefit. So i never got them and i never thought i would have to
cause i wasnt looking for anyone since i was tired of being used. Sex was a one-way street.
He gets all the feelings, girls have all the hassles. She gets more emotional and falls head over
heels while he could give a damn. im sick of it, so i thought, Hang it all [and got pregnant].1
i was 26 and she was 22. . . . For her it was the second [abortion]. . . . She was 16
the previous time, and the guy had blamed her and was cruel about it. Having to go
through it again traumatized her. i didnt know what to do. it numbed me out. My feelings for her and about her were pretty twisted. . . . She broke up eventually with me in a
cut-and-dried, cold fashion, which i think was the result of the abortion. . . .
To this day, i feel loss. i have a lack of understanding as to why its so hard for me to
accept how i feel, the pain or hurt or whatever it is. i want to derail it, but i think about
it when im alone or when somebody brings it up. i dont really allow the feeling, even
now, as i talk about it. im knotting in the stomach, uptight. . . . i feel guilty. Morally, in
this day and age, its not the end of the world. i dont see it as taking life away. i feel
guilty in the sense that its an unpleasant situation. You did start something, but i dont
feel its killing. if i did, id go nuts, i suppose.2
[After this abortion,] id like to get married and have a baby, but i doubt i ever will.
i look too much for love and adoration, and i get them mixed up with sex. i guess i do
it to get people to validate me. . . . [After the abortions,] i never think about the babies
at all. . . . i remember a conversation i had with a friend whod just had an abortion. its
just an embryo, i told her, preferring to use the clinical definition. its not a being, just
a bunch of splitting cells. My friend said, its murder. How can you deny its a life? its
murder, but its justifiable homicide.. . . . i agree with her, of course, but i just wont
admit it. . . . Truth is hard to take, and i just dont know if im ready for it.3
These remarks remind us of the personal and moral questions we all must face. Should
I think about the morality of my sexual relationships? Is it wrong to use people? Must
I take responsibility for the consequences of my actions? Is abortion moral? They
also remind us of the public decisions we must make as a society. Should we support
1
2
3
Quoted in Kristin Luker, Taking Chances: Abortion and the Decision Not to Contracept (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1975), 127128.
Quoted in Arthur B. Shostak and Gary McLouth, Men and Abortion (New York: Praeger, 1984), 86.
Quoted in Linda Bird Franke, The Ambivalence of Abortion (New York: Random House, 1978), 63.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
7.1
?
WHAT iS ETHiCS?
489
the legality of abortions? Should we force unwed fathers to support their children?
Should we provide sexual education in grade schools? Should we provide welfare
to unwed mothers? We can answer these kinds of questions only on the basis of our
moral values. Much of what we are and do, in fact, is determined by our moral values
because our values shape our thoughts, feelings, actions, and perceptions.
Our values are, to a large extent, absorbed from the society around us. We
How do
absorb them from family and friends; from television, radio, and the Internet; from
our values bear out given only
books and magazines, from Church and school. As children we adopt the values of
a split second to react? Go
to MindTap to watch a video
our culture without thinking, much like how we learn to speak our native language,
presenting an experiment
or learn the rules of good manners. Yet given the large and pervasive influence
that tests this question.
our values have on who we are, what we believe, and what we do, this unreflective
embrace of values is not necessarily a good thing. To unthinkingly adopt the values
proposed by those around you is to live your life according to the values they have
chosen for you, not those you have chosen for yourself. The fundamental question
QuiCk REviEW
We daily face moral
is this: Will you live the life that other people want you to live and do what they want
questions that should be
you to do? Or will you move through your life on a road you have mapped out for
answered by values we
yourself? Will you live someone elses life, or will you live by values you have chosen
have chosen for ourselves.
for yourself?
To examine your values, to shape and rethink them in the light of your own
experience and your own reasoning, is the philosophical task of ethics, the subject
of this chapter.
Ethics is the study of morality. It is a branch of philosophy that tries to determine what things in life are morally good and which actions are morally right. So
ethics deals with morality, but it is not the same as morality. Morality consists of the
standards that an individual or a group has about
what is right and wrong or good and evil. Your
moral standards include, for example, your beliefs
THinking likE A PHilOsOPHER
about whether its wrong to lie to your friends or
wrong to tell one friend what another told you
1. The textbook explains what moral standards are.
Can you make a list of what you feel your main
in confidence. Your moral standards include
moral standards are? Next, analyze your list. What
your beliefs about whether its wrong to cheat
generalizations would you make about the items on
on your girlfriend or your boyfriend. They include
your list? For example: Do they all or mostly involve
your views about the morality of forcing sex on an
your actions toward other people? Are they all or
unwilling partner. And they include your views on
mostly related to your religious beliefs?
racism, sexism, suicide, abortion, and euthanasia.
2.
This book suggests that people engage in ethics
Moral standards, then, are rules or statements
when
they examine their moral standards and ask
that indicate the kinds of actions that are morally
whether
they are reasonable or unreasonable.
wrong or morally right, and the kinds of values
What are some moral standards you absorbed as a
that are morally good. The Ten Commandments,
child that you now think are unreasonable? As you
for example, is a list of ten moral standards.
look over your past life, what moral standards have
Generally speaking, moral standards deal with
you changed because you came to believe they were
matters to which we attach great importance.
unreasonable? Explain.
Typically they involve serious harm or injury to
others or to oneself. Consider the moral standards
we have against lying, theft, rape, murder, child
abuse, assault, slander, fraud, suicide, greed, and using addictive drugs. All of these
plainly deal with matters that we feel are important because they involve the infliction of serious harm to others or to oneself.
As we suggested earlier, ethics studies these kinds of moral standards. People
engage in ethics when they examine their moral standards or those of society and ask
whether they are reasonable or unreasonable. In other words, when we ask whether
our moral standards are supported by good reasons or poor ones or no reasons at all.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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490
CHAPTER 7
?
ETHiCS
A person starts to do ethics when she takes the moral standards absorbed from
family, church, and societyand critically evaluates them. Do the standards really
make sense? What are the reasons for or against these standards? Why should I
continue to believe in them? What can be said in their favor, and what can be said
against them? Are they reasonable or stupid? You may have once asked yourself, for
example, whether you should tell your friend the truth about her boyfriend or lie
to her. Telling the truth would just hurt her feelings and make her upset with you.
So is it sometimes permissible to lie? Are some thingssuch as peoples feelings
more important than telling the truth? Why is
honesty between friends important, anyway?
What makes lying wrong? Is lying wrong because
a n a ly z i n g t h e r e a d i n g
lying injures people? Then, is lying right when
The textbook suggests that the purpose of ethics is to
telling the truth will hurt people more? What
develop moral standards that are reasonable. What
makes something right and wrong, and why are
does reasonable mean? What are some characteristics
these so important?
of a moral standard that would make it an unreasonable
When a person asks these kinds of questions
one? Describe some of the moral standards of your
about her moral standards or about the moral
friends or other people you know that you think are
unreasonable? What is it about those beliefs that leads
standards of her society, she has started to do ethyou to say they are unreasonable?
ics. Ethics, then, is a study of moral standards that
aims at developing standards that are reasonable,
and that we have decided for ourselves are justified.
It
is,
in
short,
the
attempt
to
ensure that the standards we live by are truly our
QuiCk REviEW
own standards, chosen because we ourselves believe they are reasonable. It is choosEthics is the study of
morality; it involves
ing our moral standards because we ourselves have decided they are reasonable and
reflecting on ones moral
not because others decided for us.
standards or the moral
We begin our study of ethics by looking at an important challenge to ethics.
standards of a group or a
society, and asking whether
This is the theory philosophers call ethical relativism. Ethical relativism holds that
they are reasonable.
moral right and wrong depend on the society or culture to which you belong. As
you will see, this theory implies that we cannot say that one groups moral beliefs
are any better or worse than anothers. But as you will also see, the theory of ethical
relativism carries with it a number of serious problems.
P H i lOs O P H Y AT T H E M Ov i E s
Watch The Woodsman (2004), which recounts the story of Walter, a convicted sex
offender just released from prison, who, trying to start a new life with Vickie whos
aware of his history, finds he can escape neither himself nor his past. What values
do you think should guide Vickie as she tries to decide how to relate to Walter?
Should Walter be allowed to start a new life as he wants to do? Why or why not?
7.2 is Ethics Relative?
Ethics is not the only way to study morality. Sociology, anthropology, psychology,
and other social sciences also study morality. But the social sciences study morality
through a descriptive or factual investigation of moral behavior and beliefs. These
social sciences are concerned with how people in fact behave or what people in fact
believe about moral right and wrong. Ethics, on the other hand, asks how people
ought to behave or what people ought to believe about moral right and wrong. For
example, anthropologists tell us that the Inuit (Eskimos) used to abandon their
elderly on the ice and allow them to die of starvation and exposure. They also
inform us that in certain tribes in Nigeria, when twins were born one of the infants
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
7.2
?
iS ETHiCS RElATivE?
491
was killed.4 Such twin infanticide seems to have been morally acceptable to those
Nigerian tribes at the time. But anthropology, as such, does not try to determine
whether it was right or wrong for the Inuit to abandon their elderly or for Nigerian
tribes to kill a twin at birth. Ethics, on the other hand, tries to answer the question
of whether it is morally right for the Inuit, in their circumstances, to abandon their
elderly. And it asks whether killing twins is right for African tribes, in their circumstances. The social sciences ask what people actually do or actually believe about
moral right and wrong. But ethics asks what people ought to do or ought to believe
about moral right and wrong.
Although ethics and the social sciences study morality in very different ways,
both have addressed one important issue: moral diversity. Many anthropologists
have emphasized how different the moralities of different societies are. For example, many societies think that slavery is unjust, whereas others have felt slavery is
permissible. Some societies believe that infanticide is wrong, but other societies
practice it frequently. Some see female circumcision as a moral obligation while
others condemn the practice, calling it female genital mutilation. In fact, societies
QuiCk REviEW
Descriptive relativism
differ about the morality of a long list of practices. They differ on abortion, polygaffirms that societies differ
amy, patricide, slavery, suicide, discrimination, genocide, homosexuality, euthanain their moral standards.
sia, pedophilia, and torturing animals.
This diversity of moral standards has led virtually all anthropologistsand
almost everyone elseto embrace a view called descriptive relativism. Descriptive
relativism holds that different societies or cultures have different moralities.
That is, what the people of one society or culture believe is morally wrong, people
of other cultures often believe is morally right. This kind of relativism is called
descriptive because it tries only to describe the moral beliefs and standards
of each culture. It does not take a position on whether the actions of people
in one culture really are morally wrong or really are morally right. Nor does
QuiCk REviEW
descriptive relativism hold that anyone ought to live by any of those standards.
Ethical relativism is the
That is, it does not take a position on whether anyones moral standards tell us
view that what is morally
right or wrong depends
anything about what anyone ought to do. Although certain questions still suron ones culture or society
round the issue, descriptive relativism is accepted by virtually everyone. But some
and that there is no single
philosophers and anthropologists have gone beyond descriptive relativism and
correct set of moral
standards that everyone
embraced ethical relativism.
should follow everywhere
Ethical relativism (also referred to as moral relativism) is the view that not only do
and always.
a persons beliefs about moral right and wrong depend on her culture, but that moral
right and wrong themselves depend on a persons
culture. Ethical relativism is the view that claims
THinking likE A PHilOsOPHER
about moral right and wrong are really claims about
what is morally right or wrong according to a speDo you now or h…
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