Santa Monica College America as a Economic New World Essay Using specific examples to demonstrate reading, answer following questions :The American have be

Santa Monica College America as a Economic New World Essay Using specific examples to demonstrate reading, answer following questions :The American have been described as a “new world “. What does this phrase mean ? what are the limitations of this concepts ? what are it’s strengths ? 1:08
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CHAPTER 1
A New World
1. Adam Smith, The Results of Colonization
(1776)
Source: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations (London, 1776), Vol. 2, pp. 190–91, 235-37.
“The discovery of America,” the Scottish writer Adam Smith announced in his
celebrated work The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, was one of “the two
greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind.”
Smith is regarded as the founder of modern economics. It is not surprising
that looking back nearly three centuries after the initial voyage of Christo-
pher Columbus in 1492, Smith focused primarily on the economic results of
the conquest and colonization of North and South America. The influx of
goods from the New World, he insisted, greatly increased the “enjoyments” of
the people of Europe and the market for European goods. Nonetheless, Smith
did not fail to note the price paid by the indigenous population of the New
World, who suffered a dramatic decline in population due to epidemics, wars
of conquest, and the exploitation of their labor. “Benefits” for some, Smith
observed, went hand in hand with “dreadful misfortunes” for others-a
fitting commentary on the long encounter between the Old and New Worlds.
OF THE ADVANTAGES which Europe has derived from the Discov-
ery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the
Cape of Good Hope
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What are ?the advantages] which Europe has derived from the dis-
covery and colonization of America?
The general advantages which Europe, considered as one great
country, has derived from the discovery and colonization of Amer-
ica, consist, first, in the increase of its enjoyments; and, secondly, in
the augmentation of its industry.
The surplus pruuuLL UIMICHITAmonteum Lurope, furnishes
OF THE ADVANTAGES which Europe has derived from the Discov-
ery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the
Cape of Good Hope
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What are (the advantages] which Europe has derived from the dis-
covery and colonization of America?
The general advantages which Europe, considered as one great
country, has derived from the discovery and colonization of Amer-
ica, consist, first, in the increase of its enjoyments; and, secondly, in
the augmentation of its industry.
The surplus produce of America, imported into Europe, furnishes
the inhabitants of this great continent with a variety of commodi-
ties which they could not otherwise have possessed; some for con-
veniency and use, some for pleasure, and some for ornament, and
thereby contributes to increase their enjoyments.
The discovery and colonization of America, it will readily be
allowed, have contributed to augment the industry, first, of all the
countries which trade to it directly, such as Spain, Portugal, France,
and England; and, secondly, of all those which, without trading to it
directly, send, through the medium of other countries, goods to it of
their own produce; such as Austrian Flanders, and some provinces
of Germany, which, through the medium of the countries before
mentioned, send to it a considerable quantity of linen and other
goods. All such countries have evidently gained a more extensive
market for their surplus produce, and must consequently have been
encouraged to increase its quantity….
The discovery of America, and that of a passage to the East Indies
by the Cape of Good Hope, are the two greatest and most important
events recorded in the history of mankind. Their consequences
have already been very great; but, in the short period of between
two and three centuries which has elapsed since these discoveries
were made, it is impossible that the whole extent of their conse-
quences can have been seen. What benefits or what misfortunes to
mankind may hereafter result from those great events, no human
wisdom can foresee. By uniting, in some measure, the most distant
parts of the world, by enabling them to relieve one another’s wants,
to increase one another’s enjoyments, and to encourage one another’s
A New World
3
industry, their general tendency would seem to be beneficial. To
the natives however, both of the East and West Indies, all the com-
mercial benefits which can have resulted from those events have
been sunk and lost in the dreadful misfortunes which they have
occasioned….
In the meantime one on the pricipar eneCIS OI mose discoveries
nave
nal
ILS Or what
quence
mankind
may hereafter result from those great events, no human
wisdom can foresee. By uniting, in some measure, the most distant
parts of the world, by enabling them to relieve one another’s wants,
to increase one another’s enjoyments, and to encourage one another’s
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A New World
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industry, their general tendency would seem to be beneficial. To
the natives however, both of the East and West Indies, all the com-
mercial benefits which can have resulted from those events have
been sunk and lost in the dreadful misfortunes which they have
occasioned. …
In the meantime one of the principal effects of those discoveries
has been to raise the mercantile system to a degree of splendour and
glory which it could never otherwise have attained to. It is the object
of that system to enrich a great nation rather by trade and manufac-
tures than by the improvement and cultivation of land, rather by
the industry of the towns than by that of the country. But, in conse-
quence of those discoveries, the commercial towns of Europe,
instead of being the manufacturers and carriers for but a very small
part of the world (that part of Europe which is washed by the Atlan-
tic Ocean, and the countries which lie round the Baltic and Mediter-
ranean seas), have now become the manufacturers for the numerous
and thriving cultivators of America, and the carriers and in some
respects the manufacturers too, for almost all the different nations
of Asia, Africa, and America. Two new worlds have been opened to
their indus
each of them much greater and more extensive than
the old one, and the market of one of them growing still
greater and
greater every day.
Questions
1. According to Adam Smith, how did the “discovery and colonization” of
America affect the economic development of Europe?
2. Why does Smith believe that the benefits” of colonization outweigh
the “misfortunes”?
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2. Giovanni da Verrazano, Encountering
Native Americans (1524)
Source: Giovanni da Verrazano: from The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazano,
1524-1528, Lawrence C. Wroth, ed., Susan Tarrow, trans. (New Haven,
1970). Reprinted by permission of Yale University Press.
One of the first Ecopurpuren
dians of eastern
2. Why does Smith believe that the “benefits” of colonization outweigh
the “misfortunes”?
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2. Giovanni da Verrazano, Encountering
Native Americans (1524)
Source: Giovanni da Verrazano: from The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazano,
1524-1528, Lawrence C. Wroth, ed., Susan Tarrow, trans. (New Haven,
1970). Reprinted by permission of Yale University Press.
One of the first European explorers to encounter the Indians of eastern
North America, Giovanni da Verrazano was an Italian-born navigator
who sailed in 1524 under the auspices of King Philip I of France. His voy-
age took him from modern-day Cape Fear, North Carolina, north to the
coast of Maine. In the following excerpt from his diary, which he included
in a letter to the king, Verrazano tries to describe the appearance, eco-
nomic life, customs, and beliefs of some of the region’s various Native
American groups. Some, he reports, were friendly and generous; others
warlike and hostile. He is particularly interested in their spiritual beliefs,
concluding that they have “no religion.” Verrazano found the east coast
thickly populated. By the time English settlement began in the early sev-
enteenth century, many of the groups he encountered had been all but
destroyed by epidemic diseases.
Since the STORM that we encountered in the northern regions,
Most Serene King, I have not written to tell your majesty of what hap-
pened to the four ships which you sent over the Ocean to explore new
lands, as I thought you had already been informed of everything-
how we were forced by the fury of the winds to return in distress to
Brittany with only the Normandy and the Dauphine, and that after
undergoing repairs there, began our voyage with these two ships,
equipped for war, following the coasts of Spain, Your Most Serene
Majesty will have heard; and then according to our new plan, we con-
tinued the original voyage with only the Dauphine; now on our return
from this voyage I will tell Your Majesty of what we found. …
Seeing that the land continued to the south, we decided to turn
and skirt it toward the north, where we found the land we had
A New World
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sighted earlier. So we anchored off the coast and sent the small boat
in to land. We had seen many people coming to the seashore, but
they fled when they saw us approaching; several times they stopped
and turned around to look at us in great wonderment. We reassured
them with various signs, and some of them came up, showing great
delight at seeingueand marveling at our clothes appearance, and
our whiteness. they showed us by various signs where we could
Majesty will have heard; and then according to our new plan, we con-
tinued the original voyage with only the Dauphine; now on our return
from this voyage I will tell Your Majesty of what we found….
Seeing that the land continued to the south, we decided to turn
and skirt it toward the north, where we found the land we had
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sighted earlier. So we anchored off the coast and sent the small boat
in to land. We had seen many people coming to the seashore, but
they fled when they saw us approaching; several times they stopped
and turned around to look at us in great wonderment. We reassured
them with various signs, and some of them came up, showing great
delight at seeing us and marveling at our clothes, appearance, and
our whiteness; they showed us by various signs where we could
most easily secure the boat, and offered us some of their food. We
were on land, and I shall now tell Your Majesty briefly what we were
able to learn of their life and customs.
They go completely naked except that around their loins they
wear skins of small animals like martens, with a narrow belt of
grass around the body, to which they tie various rails of other ani-
mals which hang down to the knees; the rest of the body is bare, and
so is the head. Some of them wear garlands of birds’ feathers. They
are dark in color, not unlike the Ethiopians, with thick black hair,
not very long, tied back behind the head like a small tail. As for
the physique of these men, they are well proportioned, of medium
height, a little taller than we are. They have broad chests, strong
arms, and the legs and other parts of the body are well composed.
There is nothing else, except that they tend to be rather broad in the
face; but not all, for we saw many with angular faces. They have big
black eyes, and an attentive and open look. They are not very strong,
but they have a sharp cunning, and are agile and swift runners.
From what we could tell from observation, in the last two respects
they resemble the Orientals….
We reached another land 15 leagues from the island, where we
found an excellent harbor; before entering it, we saw about 20 boats
full of people who came around the ship uttering various cries of
wonderment. They did not come nearer than fifty paces, but stopped
to look at the structure of our ship, our persons, and our clothes;
then all together they raised a loud cry which meant that they were
joyful. We reassured them somewhat by imitating their gestures,
and they came near enough for us to throw them a few little bells
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and mirrors and many trinkets, which they took and looked at,
laughing, and then they confidently came on board ship…. These
people are the most beautiful and have the most civil customs
that we have found on this voyage. They are taller than we are;
they are a bronze color, some tending more toward whiteness,
others to a tawny color; the face is clear-cut; the hair is long and
black, and they take great pams W UELOIALE 11, me eyes are black

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