PSY 2012 USF My Life Has Become a Major Distraction from My Cell Phone Article Review All instructions are provided in the attached files. Please read care

PSY 2012 USF My Life Has Become a Major Distraction from My Cell Phone Article Review All instructions are provided in the attached files. Please read carefully and kindly pay close attention to guidelines and rubric.If you have any question, please let me know! Intro to Psych Science – Writing Assignment #1
Due Date: July 19th, 2020 (by 11:59pm).
Overview: Psychological and medical studies are commonly discussed in the media. Often, the general
public hears about these studies through popular press articles. It is our responsibility to critically
evaluate whether the conclusions being drawn by these popular press articles are consistent with the data
from the original research. The goal of this paper is to practice critical thinking and summarizing
research articles.
Instructions: For this assignment, you will be reading 2 articles: 1 popular press article and 1 peerreviewed research article. These documents are available on Canvas along with the grading rubric.
First: Read the research article (Roberts & David, 2016) paying close attention to their research design
(correlational study or experiment) and findings.
Second: Read the popular press article (NY Post) paying close attention to how the findings of the
research article are interpreted and described. Review what you learned from lecture regarding research
methods and causality.
For fun check out this Popular Media Scene: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kf6vkyf1oGk
Third: Write your paper. The final paper must be 2-3 pages long, double-spaced, size 12 Times New
Roman font, 1” margins. Be sure to include your name and section number.
Use the following outline:
1. Summarize the research article. Make sure to identify the hypotheses, subject variable(s), the
design of the study, and the outcome. You will need to explain whether and how the outcome
of the study supports the researchers’ hypotheses.
2. Summarize the popular press article. Be sure to note any statements or conclusions that imply
causality.
3. Evaluate whether the press article provided an accurate report of the research study. In
evaluating this, consider whether the author used any language that implied a causal
relationship between the variables that were studied. Describe if these were justified based on
the study design (why or why not). Provide an alternative explanation about why phubbing
may result in lower relationship satisfaction (other than phubbing causes relationship
problems).
Other guidelines:
1. You are only allowed 2 quotes in the entire paper. These quotes cannot be longer than 1
sentence and must be surrounded by quotation marks (“…”). Otherwise, use your own
words!!!
2. Make it clear. Make sure your main argument is clearly identified. Make sure each paragraph
has a (single) clear point. Make sure the ordering of points from paragraph to paragraph
makes sense. Give concrete examples.
3. This is a college essay and is expected to be written at that level. Proper spelling, grammar,
style, and writing quality are all very important.
Rubric for Writing Assignment #1
1. Article summary (8 pts)
– Coherent summary
– Identifying hypothesis, variables, and results
2. Evaluation of the both articles (12 pts)
– Justification of conclusion
– Understanding causality and correlational study
– Alternative explanation
3. Overall writing (5 pts)
– General formatting, grammar, and typos
* Total: 25 pts
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282763744
My life has become a major distraction from my
cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship
satisfaction among…
Article in Computers in Human Behavior · January 2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
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Computers in Human Behavior 54 (2016) 134e141
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Computers in Human Behavior
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh
Full length article
My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner
phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners
James A. Roberts*, Meredith E. David
Hankamer School of Business, Baylor University, One Bear Place #98007, Waco, TX 76798, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 3 June 2015
Received in revised form
28 July 2015
Accepted 29 July 2015
Available online xxx
Partner phubbing (Pphubbing) can be best understood as the extent to which an individual uses or is
distracted by his/her cell phone while in the company of his/her relationship partner. The present study
is the ?rst to investigate the oft-occurring behavior of Pphubbing and its impact on relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. In Study 1, a nine-item scale was developed to measure Pphubbing. The
scale was found to be highly reliable and valid. Study 2 assessed the study’s proposed relationships
among a sample of 145 adults. Results suggest that Pphubbing’s impact on relationship satisfaction is
mediated by con?ict over cell phone use. One’s attachment style was found to moderate the Pphubbing
e cell phone con?ict relationship. Those with anxious attachment styles reported higher levels of cell
phone con?ict than those with less anxious attachment styles. Importantly, Pphubbing was found to
indirectly impact depression through relationship satisfaction and ultimately life satisfaction. Given the
ever-increasing use of cell phones to communicate between romantic partners, the present research
offers insight into the process by which such use may impact relationship satisfaction and personal wellbeing. Directions for future research are discussed.
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Cell phones
Con?ict
Relationship satisfaction
Phubbing
Life satisfaction
Depression
1. Introduction
Portmanteau (n) e a word whose form and meaning are derived
from a blending together of two or more distinct words.
Phubbing is a portmanteau of the words “phone” and “snubbing”. To be phubbed is to be snubbed by someone using their cell
phone when in your company. The “phubb” could be an interruption of your conversation with someone when he or she attends to
their cell phone or when you are in close proximity to another but
they use their cell phone instead of communicating with you.
Partner phubbing (Pphubbing) is when the above takes place when
in the company of your spouse or signi?cant other. The ubiquitous
nature of cell phones makes phubbing in general, or more specifically, Pphubbing a near inevitable occurrence. In fact, seventy
percent of a sample of 143 females involved in romantic relationships reported that cell phones “sometimes”, “often”, “very often,”
or “all the time” interfered in their interactions with their partners
(McDaniel & Coyne, 2014). Other studies have found Pphubbing to
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: jim_roberts@baylor.edu (J.A. Roberts), meredith_david@
baylor.edu (M.E. David).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
0747-5632/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
be a common occurrence among romantic partners as well (Coyne,
Stockdale, Busby, Iverson, & Grant, 2011; Lenhart & Duggan, 2014).
The present research investigates whether Pphubbing impacts
relationship satisfaction and individual well-being. The potentially
mediating impact of cell phone con?ict (Coyne et al. 2011) and
moderating effect of attachment style (Bowlby, 1969) are also
investigated to better understand the process by which Pphubbing
impacts relationship satisfaction amongst romantic partners.
1.1. Study contributions
The present study makes several important contributions to the
current literature. First, we have built and validated a measure of
Pphubbing. Valid and reliable scales are needed to advance our
understanding of how technology impacts relationships. As a
behavior that occurs regularly, Pphubbing should be at the forefront of any efforts to understand how cell phone use impacts
romantic relationships. A second contribution is that the present
study investigates how Pphubbing affects romantic relationshipsdan area of research that has received scant attention
(McDaniel & Coyne, 2014). A third contribution is that the present
study focuses on the impact of cell phone use on relationship
satisfaction. To date, previous research has combined many
J.A. Roberts, M.E. David / Computers in Human Behavior 54 (2016) 134e141
different types of technology (television, computers, cell phones,
iPads, and tablets) when investigating the impact of technology use
on relationships obfuscating the unique role that any speci?c
technology might play (Padilla-Walker, Coyne, & Fraser, 2012). A
fourth contribution includes the potential mediating rule of cell
phone con?ict in the Pphubbing e relationship satisfaction link.
Previous research suggests that it is not the time spent with technologies that impacts relationship satisfaction, but the con?ict
created by the technology use (Coyne et al., 2012). The present
study also examines the potential moderating effect of attachment
style on the Pphubbingdcell phone con?ict relationship. A ?nal
contribution is that the present study investigates the impact of
Pphubbing on personal well-being. Previous research suggests that
cell phone use and texting can increase reported stress (Beranuy,
Oberst, Carbonell, & Chamarro, 2009; Lepp, Barkley, & Karpinski,
2014) and unhealthy attachment to one’s cell phone can increase
symptoms of depression (Gentile, Coyne, & Bricolo, 2012; Harwood,
Dooley, Scott, & Joiner, 2014). A sequential moderated-mediation
model (Preacher & Hayes, 2008) is used to examine the hypothesized impact of Pphubbing on life satisfaction and depression.
2. Conceptual development and research hypotheses
2.1. Pphubbing and relationship satisfaction
Relationship and/or marital satisfaction may be best understood
as, “the degree to which spouses perceive that their partners meet
their needs and desires” (Peleg, 2008, p. 388). A stable and healthy
relationship is seen by many as the cornerstone of happy individuals and well-adjusted families (Coyne et al., 2011). Bradbury,
Fincham, and Beach (2000) identi?ed interpersonal interactions
between partners as one of several important predictors of relationship satisfaction (Ahlstrom, Lundberg, Zabriske, Eggett, &
Lindsay, 2012).
Given the increased use of cell phones to communicate with
others (Coyne et al., 2011; Hertlein, 2012; Luo & Tuney, 2015;
Lenhart & Duggan, 2014); it is of critical importance that increased
research attention be focused on the impact technology use has on
relationship satisfaction. With the ever-increasing presence and
use of cell phones, the boundaries that separate other interests and
partner relationships have become increasingly “blurred” (Chesley,
2005; Leggett & Rossouw, 2014).
For a relationship to be mutually satisfying, each partner must
be present for the other (Siegel, 2010). It is not enough to be merely
in each other’s presence, but there must be a connection between
partners. Leggett and Rossouw (2014) de?ne presence as “… a
process whereby we remain open and focused on the other without
external or internal distraction” (p. 49). Romantic partners feel
connected when they are present for each other.
It is clear from the above that distractions caused by Pphubbing
could undermine relationship satisfaction. The basic human needs
for control and attachment are at risk when an individual senses
that his or her partner is not present. In her book, Alone Together
(2011), Turkle argues that media use is separating people from one
another. In essence, partners may be physically together, but not
fully present for each other.
The displacement hypothesis (Coyne, Padilla-Walker, Fraser,
Fellows, & Day, 2014; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007) can be used to
explain the deleterious effects of Pphubbing on relationship satisfaction. This theory suggests that time spent on media, such as cell
phones, may displace (or reduce) meaningful interactions with
one’s spouse. For example, not being fully present during conversations or shared time together because of cell phone-related distractions could lead to lower levels of satisfaction with one’s
romantic partner. In a study of video game playing and
135
relationships, Coyne et al. (2012) claim that con?ict over video
game use may not be because of the game playing itself but because
it usurps time available for activities that the partner may enjoy
more.
In a large dyadic sample of couples (n ¼ 349) where either one
or both played Massively Multiplayers Online Role Playing Games
(MMORPG), playing such games was found to be negatively associated with marital satisfaction (Ahlstrom et al., 2012). Between 70
and 75 percent of independent-gamer couples (where only one
spouse played MMORPGs) stated that gaming had negatively
impacted their marriages. The authors conclude that, “displacing
time spent with a signi?cant other may indeed be a source of
quarreling and marital con?ict” (p. 16).
Even the mere presence of cell phones has been found to
undermine perceived closeness, connection, and conversation
quality. For example, Przybylski and Weinstein (2012) conducted
two experiments in which they manipulated the presence of cell
phones while a pair of subjects had either casual or meaningful
conversations. In the cell phone present condition, a “nondescript” cell phone was placed on the top of a book on a nearby
desk outside of the direct visual ?eld of the subject. In the ?rst
experiment, subjects were asked to spend 10 min discussing an
interesting event during the past month. After this discussion,
subjects completed measures of relationship quality and
emotional sensitivity. Subjects in the experimental condition
reported lower relationship quality and less closeness with their
partners after their discussion. A second experiment manipulated the content of the discussion (casual or meaningful) with
the same manipulation of the cell phone as present or absent.
Again, the presence of a mobile phone predicted lower relationship quality. An interaction between the presence of a cell
phone and conversation type was also uncovered. Relationship
quality and partner trust were only undermined when the conversation was meaningful. Perceived empathy was reduced when
a cell phone was present independent of conversation type. Thus,
it is clear that the presence of cell phones can interfere with
perceived relationship quality among couples (Przybylski &
Weinstein, 2012).
Based upon the theory and empirical results discussed above,
suf?cient evidence suggests that a partner’s use of a cell phone
while in the company of his or her romantic partner may have a
negative effect on relationship satisfaction. Thus, we offer the
following hypothesis:
H1. As Pphubbing increases, reported levels of relationship satisfaction will decrease.
2.2. The mediating impact of cell phone con?ict
We posit that arguments over cell phone use (cell phone con?ict) will mediate the impact of Pphubbing on relationship satisfaction. It is reasonable to assume that interruptions and distraction
caused by Pphubbing will create con?ict in romantic relationships
(Servies, 2012). In a study of the impact of technology interference
on relationship well-being, McDaniel and Coyne (2014) found that
technology interference (Computers, TV, iPads, cell phones, etc.)
caused con?ict over technology use within romantic relationships.
This con?ict was then found to negatively impact relationship
satisfaction among the sample of female respondents.
The authors reason that when one partner allows technology to
interfere in time spent with their partner, it sends an implicit
message of that partner’s priorities (McDaniel & Coyne, 2014).
Responding to a text message or checking social media during a
conversation with a romantic partner, or instead of interacting with
them at all, sends a message that interacting with one’s romantic
136
J.A. Roberts, M.E. David / Computers in Human Behavior 54 (2016) 134e141
partner is less important than what is available on his or her cell
phone.
Multitasking is a common way cell phone use interferes with
relationships. Humans have limited attention resources and cell
phone interference directs one’s attention away from his or her
romantic partner (McDaniel & Coyne, 2014; Przybylski &
Weinstein, 2012). Attention is an important factor in healthy relationships (Leggett & Rossouw, 2014). One cannot be fully present
in a relationship when distracted by his or her cell phone.
In a large scale survey of 1333 couples, Coyne et al. (2012) found
that men’s time spent playing six different types of video games
was positively correlated with spousal con?ict over such play. The
authors conclude that playing video games can lead to con?ict in
romantic relationships. This con?ict, the authors reasoned, was the
result of the “displacement of opportunities.” That is, time spent
playing video games displaced time that could have been spent
with one’s partner. Relatedly, a study of online game players found
that time spent with such games created con?ict amongst the
couples studied (Ahlstrom et al., 2012).
A large scale survey of technology use among Americans by the
PEW Research Center concluded that technology use can create
con?ict in relationships. Cell phones were found to have a
“particularly distracting effect” on romantic relationships. Twenty
?ve percent of all couples surveyed reported that their spouse or
partner was distracted by his or her cell phone during their time
spent together. Not surprisingly, this effect was stronger for those
respondents between the ages of 18e29, where 42 percent reported distractions caused by cell phones during their time
together. Thirty six percent of those married or living together for
ten years or less felt their partner was distracted by their cell phone
when together. Given the above, we offer the following hypothesis:
H2. The relationship between Pphubbing and relationship satisfaction will be mediated by cell phone con?ict.
2.3. The moderating role of attachment anxiety
Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969) assists in explaining the
dispositions and propensities undertaken by individuals in their
development of relationships (Weisskirch & Delevi, 2013). The
theory proposes that individuals’ unique interpersonal experiences
during early childhood shape their perceptions and expectations of
relationships, as well as how they behave in relationships
(Ainsworth, Salter, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Drouin &
Landgraff, 2012; Morey, Gentzler, Creasy, Oberhauser, &
Westerman, 2013). Although individuals’ attachment styles are
developed early in life, the associated patterns of behavior remain
active over the course of life and are manifested in individuals’
desires and tendencies to seek closeness and support (Bowlby,
1980; Fraley, Vicary, Brumbaugh, & Roisman, 2011; Hazan &
Zeifman, 1999).
Attachment styles relate to how people view themselves based
on the lens of their relationships with others (Ainsworth et al.,
1978; Bowlby, 1969). Attachment anxiety, speci?cally, relates to
the degree to which individuals worry about whether they will be
accepted in relationships and fear abandonment (Mikulincer &
Florian, 1998; Morey et al. 2013; Thomson & Johnson, 2006). Individuals with differing levels of attachment anxiety have different
expectations regarding interpersonal encounters and social situations (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Individuals with high levels
of atta…
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