UCSD Human Anatomy And Physiology Discussion In chapter 2 you were exposed to the amazing capabilities of your brain. Most of my students have quite a few

UCSD Human Anatomy And Physiology Discussion In chapter 2 you were exposed to the amazing capabilities of your brain. Most of my students have quite a few moments during that chapters when they discover the reasoning behind their behaviors in their lives. This discussion board brings together those two worlds…your real life experiences and your education about your brain. In this discussion board you will be posting about what you learned and how you those different parts of the brain explain your real life behaviors that you never understood before. I think you will find that most of you will share some very common, previously misunderstood life experiences.Chapter 2 powerpoint is attached! Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display
©Viewstock/Getty Images.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
Nervous
System
Endocrine
System
Neurons
Brain
Damage,
Plasticity,
& Repair
Brain
Genetics
&
Behavior
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Complexity
Integration
Adaptability (plasticity)
Electrochemical transmission
Photo credit: M. Freeman/PhotoLink/Getty Images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NERVOUS SYSTEM: PATHWAYS
Nerves carry information
afferent ?
Brain
Body
efferent ?
Which type connects with skin?
With muscle?
Photo credit: M. Freeman/PhotoLink/Getty Images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NERVOUS SYSTEM: DIVISIONS
NERVOUS SYSTEMS (NS)
Central (CNS)
• brain and spinal cord
Peripheral (PNS)
• Somatic NS
• sensory nerves
• motor nerves
• Autonomic NS
• sympathetic NS
• parasympathetic NS
muscular activity
internal organs
arouses
calms
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NERVOUS SYSTEM – CELLS
Glial Cells
• provide support and nutrition
Neurons (about 100 billion in brain)
• information processing
• computing & communicating
• mirror neurons (in primates)
• imitation, social perception
Photo credit: Medical RF.com
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEURONS: STRUCTURE
Access the text alternative for these images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEURAL IMPULSE
1
Negatively + Positively Charged Ions
Polarization (Imbalance in Charges)
Resting Potential
Access the text alternative for these images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEURAL IMPULSE
2
Semipermeable Membrane
Ion Channels
Depolarization (Ion channels open)
Action Potential
(Ion exchange sweeps
along length of axon)
Threshold
All-or-None Principle
Access the text alternative for these images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
SYNAPSES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Synaptic Transmission
• Electrical impulse is
converted into a
chemical signal.
• Axon vesicle releases
neurotransmitter into
gap.
• Dendrite receptor site
detects
neurotransmitter
Access the text alternative for these images
• Reuptake:
Reabsorption of
neurotransmitter from
synapse back into
vesicles
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
1
Neurotransmitters carry information across the
synaptic gap to the next neuron.
• Acetylcholine
• muscle actions, learning, memory
• black widow venom ? Ach levels
• Alzheimer’s disease: ? Ach levels
• GABA
• Refines precision by inhibiting firing
• Anxiety: ? GABA levels
Photo credits: © Corbis – All Rights Reserved, Ingram
Publishing, Mark Kostich/Getty Images,
© Ingram Publishing / SuperStock, Purestock/SuperStock
Centers for Disease Control
© Ingram Publishing / SuperStock
Ingram Publishing
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
2
Glutamate
• excitatory
• learning and memory
• involved in many psychological
disorders
Norepinephrine
• stress and mania: ? norepinephrine levels
• depression: ? norepinephrine levels
• regulates sleep states in conjunction with
Ach
Photo credits:© Andres Rodriguez / Alamy,
© Lars A. Niki
©Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images LLC
© Elena Elisseeva/Alamy,
© RubberBall / Alamy,
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
3
Dopamine
• voluntary movement
• reward anticipation
• stimulant drugs: activate
dopamine receptors
• Parkinson’s disease: ? dopamine
levels
• schizophrenia: ? dopamine levels
Photo credit s: Cavan Images/Getty Images Steven Puetzer/Getty Images
© Westend61/Corbis,
Steven Puetzer/Getty Images
© Creatas/PunchStock
© Lars A. Niki
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
4
Serotonin
• regulation of sleep, mood,
attention, learning
• depression: ? serotonin levels
• Prozac: ? serotonin levels
Endorphins
• natural opiates
• mediate feelings of pleasure and
pain
Photo credits: © Elena Elisseeva/Alamy
© Creatas/PunchStock
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
5
Oxytocin
• both a hormone and a
neurotransmitter
• related to onset of lactation in
new mothers
• related to attachment/emotional
bonds
Photo credits: Comstock Images/Jupiterimages
© Stockbyte / PunchStock
© Floresco Productions / age fotostock
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
6
Drugs can interfere with neurotransmitters.
• Agonists:
mimic or enhance NT effects
• Antagonists:
block effects of NT
Photo credits: Comstock Images/Jupiterimages
© Stockbyte / PunchStock
© Floresco Productions / age fotostock
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
NEURAL NETWORKS
Interconnected pathways of
nerve cells
Integrate sensory input
and motor output
Where a given piece of information is stored:
• not in a lone neuron or connection
• but spread over multiple connections and neurons
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
STUDYING THE BRAIN
Brain Lesioning
• naturally occurring or induced
Electrical Recording
• electroencephalograph (EEG)
• single-unit recording
©annedde/Getty Images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
BRAIN IMAGING
X-Ray
CT Scan
PET
MRI
fMRI
Photo credits: Blue/Yellow Brain, Miriam Maslo/SPL/Getty Images,
© Photodisc/Getty Images, Don Farrall,
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
EMBRYONIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Photo credit: Peter Arnold, Inc/Alamy
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
HINDBRAIN
Brainstem
• medulla – control breathing,
regulate reflexes
• pons – sleep and arousal
Cerebellum
• motor coordination
Photo credits: ©JGI/Jamie Grill/Blend Images LLC
Elena Elisseeva/Getty Images,
Compassionate Eye Foundation/Steve Coleman/OJO Images Ltd/Getty Images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
MIDBRAIN
Parkinson’s Disease
Reticular Formation
Stereotyped Behavior
Patterns (like walking)
Photo credits: Steven Puetzer/Getty Images
Kwame Zikomo/Purestock/SuperStock
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
FOREBRAIN
1
Limbic System
• memory and emotion
• amygdala
•
discrimination of
objects needed for
survival
•
emotional awareness
and expression
• hippocampus
•
Formation and
consolidation
of memories
Thalamus
• relay station for much
sensory information
Photo credits: McGraw-Hill Education/Eclipse Studios
© Paul Bradbury / age fotostock
McGraw-Hill Companies Inc./ Ken Karp, photographer
© Andres Rodriguez / Alamy
Liam Norris/Getty Images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
FOREBRAIN
2
Basal Ganglia
• coordination of voluntary
movements
Hypothalamus
• eating, drinking, sexual behaviors
• regulate body’s internal state
• emotion, stress, reward
Photo credits: Digital Stock/Corbis
© Robert Daly / age fotostock
© Fancy Collection / SuperStock
RTimages / Alamy
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
THE BRAIN IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
What brain structures are similar across species?
How is the brain suited to each species?
Access the text alternative for these images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Neocortex: Outermost Layer
Four Lobes:
• occipital (vision)
Parietal
Frontal
• temporal (hearing, language
processing, memory)
• frontal (intelligence,
personality, voluntary muscles,
planning)
• parietal (spatial location,
attention, motor control)
Occipital
Temporal
Access the text alternative for these images
Photo credit: © ER Productions/Getty Images RF
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
LANGUAGE CENTERS: LEFT CEREBRAL CORTEX
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Access the text alternative for these images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
SOMATOSENSORY, MOTOR, AND
ASSOCIATION CORTEX
Somatosensoy Cortex (in parietal lobe)
• body sensations / touch
Motor Cortex (in frontal lobe)
• voluntary movements
point-to-point mapping
Association Cortex (75% of cortex)
• not sensory or motor, but
associations between and
executive function
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
SPLIT-BRAIN RESEARCH
Corpus Callosum
large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the
brain
W.J., the Split Brain Patient
Access the text alternative for these images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
HEMISPHERES OF THE CORTEX
Hemispheric Specialization of Function
• left hemisphere
• verbal processing, speech,
grammar
• right hemisphere
• spatial perception,
visual recognition,
emotion
Photo credits: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Andrew Resek, photographer
Dave Moyer
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Set of glands
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, testes
that regulate the body by
secreting hormones chemical messages
into the bloodstream relatively slow
communication system
interconnected with the nervous system,
especially autonomic nervous system.
Access the text alternative for these images
Photo credit: © PhotoAlto/PunchStock RF
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
BRAIN DAMAGE, PLASTICITY AND REPAIR
Recovery from brain damage depends on
• age of the individual
• extent of the damage
• intervention
Repairing the damaged brain
• collateral sprouting
• substitution of function
• neurogenesis
Photo credit: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rick Brady, photographer
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
BRAIN DAMAGE AND PLASTICITY
Concussion — mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)
• head injury with temporary loss of brain function
Brain Tissue Implants
• Brain grafts
• Stem cells
Photo credit: Image Source/Getty Images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
GENETICS AND BEHAVIOR
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Human Genome Project
Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle
Molecular Genetics
Selective Breeding
Genome-Wide Association
Behavior Genetics and Adoption Studies
Access the text alternative for these images
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display
GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: GENETIC EXPRESSION
Genotype
• genetic heritage
+ Effects of experience
environment alters how genetic traits develop
= Phenotype
• observable characteristics
both physical & psychological
Gene X Environment Interaction
© McGraw-Hill Education
Permission required for reproduction or display

Purchase answer to see full
attachment