Chapter 30 Feminist Theory Read and Comprehend Read Chapter 30 (Page 510) that I have provided you in the textbook and follow the rubric. SI XT H ED I T I

Chapter 30 Feminist Theory Read and Comprehend Read Chapter 30 (Page 510) that I have provided you in the textbook and follow the rubric. SI XT H ED I T I O N
Introducing
Communication Theory
AN ALYSIS AN D AP PLICATION
Richard West
Emerson College
Lynn H. Turner
Marquette University
INTRODUCING COMMUNICATION THEORY: ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION, SIXTH EDITION
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
West, Richard L. | Turner, Lynn H.
Introducing communication theory : analysis and application/Richard
West, Emerson College, Lynn H. Turner, Marquette University.
Sixth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
LCCN 2016059715 | ISBN 9781259870323 (alk. paper)
LCSH: Information theory. | Communication.
LCC Q360 .W47 2019 | DDC 003/.54—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059715
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education
does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
Brief
Contents
Part One Foundations
1
COMMUNICATION, THEORY, AND RESEARCH
1.
2.
3.
Thinking About Communication: Definitions, Models,
and Ethics 3
Thinking About the Field: Traditions and Contexts 24
Thinking About Theory and Research 42
Part Two
Understanding the Dialogue
65
THE SELF AND MESSAGES
4.
5.
6.
7.
Symbolic Interaction Theory 68
Coordinated Management of Meaning
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 104
Expectancy Violations Theory 119
83
RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory 135
Social Exchange Theory 155
Social Penetration Theory 170
Relational Dialectics Theory 187
Communication Privacy Management Theory
Social Information Processing Theory 218
204
GROUPS, TEAMS, AND ORGANIZATIONS
14.
15.
16.
17.
Groupthink 237
Structuration Theory 255
Organizational Culture Theory 272
Organizational Information Theory 287
THE PUBLIC
18.
19.
20.
The Rhetoric 306
Dramatism 324
The Narrative Paradigm
338
THE MEDIA
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Agenda Setting Theory 355
Spiral of Silence Theory 369
Uses and Gratifications Theory
Cultivation Theory 403
Cultural Studies 420
Media Ecology Theory 436
387
CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
27.
28.
Face-Negotiation Theory 459
Communication Accommodation Theory
476
iii
29.
30.
Muted Group Theory 494
Feminist Standpoint Theory
510
Afterward
ConnectingQuests
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index I-1
Subject Index I-11
iv
Brief Contents
527
Contents
Preface
xvii
About the Authors
PART ONE
Foundations
xxix
001
COMMUNICATION, THEORY, AND RESEARCH
Chapter 1
Thinking About Communication: Definitions,
Models, and Ethics 3
Defining Communication 5
Models of Understanding: Communication as Action,
Interaction, and Transaction 8
Communication as Action: The Linear Model 9
Communication as Interaction: The Interactional Model 10
Communication as Transaction: The Transactional Model 12
Communication Models of the Future
13
Ethics and Communication 14
Business and Industry
15
Religion and Faith 16
Entertainment
17
Higher Education
17
Medicine
18
Politics
19
Technology
19
Some Final Thoughts
19
The Value of Understanding Communication Theory
21
Understanding Communication Theory Cultivates
Critical Thinking Skills
21
Understanding Communication Theory Helps You
to Recognize the Breadth and Depth of Research 21
Understanding Communication Theory Helps to Make
Sense of Personal Life Experiences 22
Communication Theory Fosters Self-Awareness
22
Conclusion 22
Discussion Starters 23
v
Chapter 2
Thinking About the Field: Traditions
and Contexts 24
Seven Traditions in the Communication Field 25
The Rhetorical Tradition 26
The Semiotic Tradition
27
The Phenomenological Tradition 27
The Cybernetic Tradition
28
The Socio-Psychological Tradition 28
The Socio-Cultural Tradition 29
The Critical Tradition
29
Putting It All Together
29
Seven Contexts in the Communication Field 30
Intrapersonal Communication 30
Interpersonal Communication 32
Small Group and Team Communication 33
Organizational Communication 34
Public/Rhetorical Communication
36
Mass/Media Communication 37
Cultural Communication 38
Collating the Contexts 40
Conclusion 41
Discussion Starters 41
Chapter 3
Thinking About Theory and Research
42
Defining Theory: What’s in a Name? 44
Components
45
Goals 46
Approaches to Knowing: How Do You See (and Talk About)
the World?
46
The Positivistic, or Empirical, Approach 47
The Interpretive Approach
47
The Critical Approach 47
Approaches to Knowing: What Questions
Do You Ask About the World? 48
Approaches to Knowing: How Do We Go
About Theory Building? 50
Covering Law Approach
52
Rules Approach
52
Systems Approach 53
Evaluating Theory
56
The Research Process
58
Communication Research and the
Scientific Method
58
Communication Research and the Qualitative Approach 60
Conclusion 64
Discussion Starters 64
vi
Contents
PART TWO
Understanding the Dialogue
65
THE SELF AND MESSAGES
Chapter 4
Symbolic Interaction Theory
68
History of Symbolic Interaction Theory 70
Themes and Assumptions of Symbolic Interaction Theory
Key Concepts 76
Mind
76
Self
77
Society
79
Integration, Critique, and Closing
79
Scope
80
Utility
80
Testability
81
Closing
81
Discussion Starters 81
Chapter 5
Coordinated Management of Meaning
71
83
All the World’s a Stage
84
Assumptions of Coordinated Management of Meaning 85
The Hierarchy of Organized Meaning 88
Content
89
Speech Act
90
Episodes
90
Relationship
91
Life Scripts
91
Cultural Patterns
92
Charmed and Strange Loops 93
The Coordination of Meaning: Making Sense of the Sequence
Influences on the Coordination Process
96
Rules and Unwanted Repetitive Patterns 97
Integration, Critique, and Closing
100
Scope
100
Parsimony
101
Utility
101
Heurism
102
Closing
102
Discussion Starters 102
Chapter 6
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
95
104
Assumptions of Cognitive Dissonance Theory 108
Concepts and Processes of Cognitive Dissonance
109
Magnitude of Dissonance
109
Contents
vii
Coping with Dissonance
110
Cognitive Dissonance and Perception 111
Minimal Justification
112
Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Persuasion
Integration, Critique, and Closing
115
Utility
115
Testability
117
Closing
118
Discussion Starters 118
Chapter 7
Expectancy Violations Theory
Space Relations 121
Proxemic Zones
121
Territoriality
123
Assumptions of Expectancy Violations Theory
Arousal
127
Threat Threshold 127
Violation Valence 128
Communicator Reward Valence
129
Integration, Critique, and Closing
130
Scope
131
Utility
131
Testability
131
Heurism
131
Closing
132
Discussion Starters 132
113
119
124
RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 8
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
135
Assumptions of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 138
Key Concepts of URT: The Axiom and Theorem
140
Axioms of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 140
Theorems of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 142
Expansions of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 143
Antecedent Conditions
143
Strategies 144
Developed Relationships
145
Social Media 147
Context
148
Integration, Critique, and Closing
150
Utility
151
Heurism
153
Closing
153
Discussion Starters 153
viii
Contents
Chapter 9
Social Exchange Theory
155
Assumptions of Social Exchange Theory
Evaluating a Relationship
161
Exchange Patterns: SET in Action
163
Exchange Structures 165
Integration, Critique, and Closing
166
Scope
167
Utility
167
Testability
168
Heurism
168
Closing
169
Discussion Starters 169
Chapter 10
Social Penetration Theory
158
170
Assumptions of Social Penetration Theory 172
“Tearing Up” the Relationship: The Onion Analogy
175
A Social Exchange: Relational Costs and Rewards
177
Stages of the Social Penetration Process 179
Orientation: Revealing Bit by Bit 180
Exploratory Affective Exchange: The Self Emerges 181
Affective Exchange: Commitment and Comfortability 182
Stable Exchange: Raw Honesty and Intimacy 183
Integration, Critique, and Closing
184
Scope
184
Heurism
185
Closing
186
Discussion Starters 186
Chapter 11
Relational Dialectics Theory
187
Assumptions of Relational Dialectics Theory
Core Concepts of Dialectics 191
Basic Relational Dialectics 192
Autonomy and Connection 192
Openness and Protection 194
Novelty and Predictability 194
Contextual Dialectics 195
Beyond Basic Dialectics 196
Responses to Dialectics 198
Integration, Critique, and Closing
200
Parsimony 201
Utility 201
Heurism 201
Closing
202
Discussion Starters 202
190
Contents
ix
Chapter 12
Communication Privacy
Management Theory 204
Evolution of Communication Privacy Management Theory 206
Assumptions of CPM 207
Key Terms and Principles of CPM 208
Principle 1: Private Information Ownership 209
Principle 2: Private Information Control 209
Principle 3: Private Information Rules
211
Principle 4: Private Information Co-ownership and Guardianship 212
Principle 5: Private Information Boundary Turbulence
214
Integration, Critique, and Closing
214
Logical Consistency
215
Utility
216
Heurism
216
Closing
216
Discussion Starters 216
Chapter 13
Social Information Processing Theory
Theoretical Turbulence: The Cues Filtered Out
221
Assumptions of Social Information Processing Theory
Hyperpersonal Perspective: “I Like What I Read
and I Want More” 227
Sender: Selective Self-Presentation 227
Receiver: Idealization of the Sender
228
Channel Management
229
Feedback
229
Warranting: Gaining Confidence Online 230
Integration, Critique, and Closing
231
Scope
232
Utility
232
Testability
233
Closing
234
Discussion Starters 234
218
223
GROUPS, TEAMS, AND ORGANIZATIONS
Chapter 14
Groupthink
237
Assumptions of Groupthink
240
What Comes Before: Antecedent Conditions of Groupthink
Group Cohesiveness
243
Structural Factors
244
Group Stress 245
Symptoms of Groupthink
245
Overestimation of the Group
246
Closed-Mindedness 247
Pressures Toward Uniformity 248
x
Contents
243
(Group) Think About It: It’s All Around U.S.
Think Before You Act: Ways to Prevent
Groupthink 249
Integration, Critique, and Closing
251
Scope 252
Testability 252
Heurism 253
Test of Time 253
Closing
253
Discussion Starters 254
Chapter 15
Structuration Theory
249
255
Assumptions of Structuration Theory 259
Central Concepts of Structuration Theory
262
Agency and Reflexivity 262
Duality of Structure
263
Social Integration
267
Application of Time and Space
267
Integration, Critique, and Closing
268
Scope
269
Parsimony
269
Closing
270
Discussion Starters 270
Chapter 16
Organizational Culture Theory
272
The Cultural Metaphor: Of Spider Webs
and Organizations
275
Assumptions of Organizational Cultural Theory 276
Ethnographic Understanding: Laying It On Thick
279
The Communicative Performance 281
Ritual Performances
282
Passion Performances 282
Social Performances
283
Political Performances
283
Enculturation Performances 283
Integration, Critique, and Closing
284
Logical Consistency 285
Utility
285
Heurism
285
Closing
286
Discussion Starters 286
Chapter 17
Organizational Information Theory
287
The Only Constant Is Change (in Organizations)
290
General Systems Theory
290
Darwin’s Theory of Sociocultural Evolution 291
Contents
xi
Assumptions of Organizational Information Theory 292
Key Concepts and Conceptualizing Information 294
Information Environment: The Sum Total 294
Rules: Guidelines to Analyze
295
Cycles: Act, Respond, Adjust
297
The Principles of Equivocality
298
Reducing Equivocality: Trying to Use the Information
299
Enactment: Assigning Message Importance 299
Selection: Interpreting the Inputs 300
Retention: Remember the Small Stuff
300
Integration, Critique, and Closing
301
Logical Consistency
302
Utility
303
Heurism
303
Closing
303
Discussion Starters 303
THE PUBLIC
Chapter 18
The Rhetoric
306
The Rhetorical Tradition 308
Assumptions of the Rhetoric 309
The Syllogism: A Three-Tiered Argument
Canons of Rhetoric 312
Invention
312
Arrangement
314
Style
315
Memory
316
Delivery
316
Types of Rhetoric 317
Integration, Critique, and Closing
320
Logical Consistency
320
Heurism
321
Test of Time
322
Closing
322
Discussion Starters 323
Chapter 19
Dramatism
311
324
Assumptions of Dramatism 326
Dramatism as New Rhetoric
328
Identification and Substance
328
The Process of Guilt and Redemption 329
The Pentad
331
Integration, Critique, and Closing
333
Scope
333
Parsimony
334
Utility
334
Heurism
336
xii
Contents
Closing
336
Discussion Starters
Chapter 20
337
The Narrative Paradigm
338
Assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm 341
Key Concepts in the Narrative Approach 344
Narration
344
Narrative Rationality 345
The Logic of Good Reasons
347
Integration, Critique, and Closing
348
Scope
349
Logical Consistency 349
Utility
350
Heurism
351
Closing
351
Discussion Starters 351
THE MEDIA
Chapter 21
Agenda Setting Theory
355
History of Agenda Setting Research
356
Pretheoretical Conceptualizing 357
Establishing the Theory of Agenda Setting 358
Assumptions of Agenda Setting Theory 359
Two Levels of Agenda Setting
360
Three-Part Process of Agenda Setting
361
Expansions and Refinements to Agenda Setting Theory
Integration, Critique, and Closing
365
Scope
366
Utility
366
Heurism
367
Closing
368
Discussion Starters 368
Chapter 22
Spiral of Silence Theory
364
369
The Court of Public Opinion 372
Assumptions of Spiral of Silence Theory 374
The Media’s Influence
377
The Train Test
379
The Hard Core 380
The Spiral of Silence and Social Media 382
Integration, Critique, and Closing
383
Logical Consistency 384
Heurism
385
Closing
386
Discussion Starters 386
Contents
xiii
Chapter 23
Uses and Gratifications Theory
387
Assumptions of Uses and Gratifications Theory 389
Stages of Uses and Gratifications Research 392
Media Effects 393
Key Concepts: The Audience as Active
396
Uses and Gratifications and the Internet, Social Media,
and Cell Phones 397
Integration, Critique, and Closing
399
Logical Consistency
400
Utility
401
Heurism
401
Closing
401
Discussion Starters 402
Chapter 24
Cultivation Theory
403
Developing Cultivation Theory 406
Assumptions of Cultivation Theory 407
Processes and Products of Cultivation
Theory
409
The Four-Step Process
409
Mainstreaming and Resonance
410
The Mean World Index
412
Cultivation Theory as Critical Theory 413
Integration, Critique, and Closing
416
Logical Consistency
416
Utility
417
Heurism
417
Test of Time
417
Closing
419
Discussion Starters 419
Chapter 25
Cultural Studies
420
The Marxist Legacy: Power to the People
423
Assumptions of Cultural Studies 424
Hegemony: The Influence on the Masses 426
Counter-Hegemony: The Masses Start to Influence
the Dominant Forces 429
Audience Decoding
431
Integration, Critique, and Closing
433
Logical Consistency
433
Utility
434
Heurism
434
Closing
435
Discussion Starters 435
xiv
Contents
Chapter 26
Media Ecology Theory
436
Assumptions of Media Ecology Theory 439
Making Media History and Making “Sense”
442
The Tribal Era
442
The Literate Era
443
The Print Era
443
The Electronic Era
443
The Medium Is the Message 444
Gauging the Temperature: Hot and Cool Media 445
The Circle Is Complete: The Tetrad
447
Enhancement
448
Obsolescence 448
Retrieval
448
Reversal
449
Carrying the McLuhan Banner: Postman and Meyrowitz
Integration, Critique, and Closing
452
Testability
453
Heurism
453
Closing
454
Discussion Starters 454
450
CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
Chapter 27
Face-Negotiation Theory
459
About Face
461
Face and Politeness Theory
462
Facework
463
Assumptions of Face-Negotiation Theory 464
Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures 466
Face Management and Culture
469
Managing Conflict Across Cultures
470
Integration, Critique, and Closing
472
Logical Consistency 472
Heurism
473
Closing
474
Discussion Starters 474
Chapter 28
Communication Accommodation Theory
Social Psychology and Social Identity
478
Assumptions of Communication Accommodation Theory
Ways to Adapt 483
Convergence: Merging Thoughts Ahead
483
Divergence: Vive la Différence 487
Overaccommodation: Miscommunicating with a Purpose
476
480
488
Contents
xv
Integration, Critique, and Closing
Scope
490
Logical Consistency
491
Heurism
492
Closing
492
Discussion Starters 492
Chapter 29
Muted Group Theory
490
494
Origins of Muted Group Theory
496
Makeup of Muted Groups
498
Differentiating Between Sex and Gender
499
Assumptions of Muted Group Theory 499
The Process of Silencing
503
Ridicule
504
Ritual
504
Control
505
Harassment
505
Strategies of Resistance 506
Integration, Critique, and Closing
506
Utility
507
Test of Time
508
Closing
508
Discussion Starters 508
Chapter 30
Feminist Standpoint Theory
510
Historical Foundations of Feminist Standpoint Theory
512
The Critique of Theory and Research by Feminist Theorists 513
Assumptions of Feminist Standpoint Theory 514
Feminist Standpoint Theory and the Communication Field 518
Key Concepts of Standpoint Theory
519
Voice
519
Standpoint
519
Situated Knowledges 520
Sexual Division of Labor 521
Integration, Critique, and Closing
521
Utility
522
Closing 524
Discussion Starters 524
Afterward
ConnectingQuests
Glossary
G-1
References
R-1
Name Index I-1
Subject Index I-11
xvi
Contents
527
Preface
As we present the sixth edition of Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis
and Application, we remain excited by its enormous success. The previous five
editions demonstrate that communication theory courses are vibrant, that teachers
of communication understand the importance of theoretical thinking, and that both
instructors and students appreciate the consistent and organized template we employ
throughout. This text explores the practical, engaging, and relevant ways in which theory operates in our lives. It is written primarily for students who have little or no background in communication theory. We originally wrote the book because we thought
that students need to know how theorizing helps us understand ourselves, as well as
our experiences, relationships, media, environment, and culture. We also wrote this
book because we believe that students should have a text that relates theory directly
to their lives. We felt that some books insulted the student and trivialized theory while
other books were written at a level that was far too advanced for an undergraduate. In
this book, we take great care to achieve the following additional objectives:
? Familiarize students with the principles and central ideas of important theories
they are likely to encounter in the communication discipline.
? Demystify the notion of theory by discussing it in concrete and unequivo…
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