SOCSCI172AW UCI Founding Continental Expansion and Early Imperialism Paper The reference page is at the end of the essay prompt, you can just copy and past
SOCSCI172AW UCI Founding Continental Expansion and Early Imperialism Paper The reference page is at the end of the essay prompt, you can just copy and paste.
12 point, Times New Roman
Double-spaced (with no additional spacing)
1 margins
Page numbers
Left justified
Chicago in-text citations Founding, Continental
Expansion, and Early
Imperialism
Soc Sci 172AW
American Identity at the Founding
Influence of religious ideology
Covenantal chosenness
We will be a city on a hill.
US a great experiment for demonstration of higher purposes
Ronald Reagan
I have always believed that there
was some divine plan that placed
this great continent between two
oceans to be sought by those who
were possessed of an abiding love
of freedom and a special kind of
courage.
Justification for Continental Expansion
Jeffersons Empire of Liberty
Justified US continental expansion
Manifest Destiny
John O Sullivan (1845): the right of our manifest destiny to
overspread and to possess the whole continent which providence
has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty
and federated self-government
Mexican-American War or the US Invasion of
Mexico (1846-1848)
Cause
Border dispute
US sends military into disputed territory
US declares self-defense
Outcome
US gained 1 million square miles
Mexico cut in half
By 1853, Continental Expansion Concluded
Global Developments
Massive expansion of Western colonialism
Between 1875-1914, 25% of the world claimed as colonies
New theories of evolution/race
Cultures/societies ranked
Justified in terms of advancing civilization
The West obviously superior
Spanish-American War (1898)
1895 Cuban rebellion
US hesitation
January 1898, US dispatches USS Maine
Explosion kills 268 people onboard
Spanish blamed
US wins, Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam to US
Cuba
Cubans barred from negotiations
Results:
1901: Nominal independence
Conceded naval base indefinitely
Right of intervention
Occupation of the Philippines
Justified in civilizational terms:
What America wants is not territorial expansion, but
expansion of civilization. We want, not to acquire the
Philippines for ourselves, but to give the Philippines
free schools, a free church, open courts, no caste,
equal rights to all. This is for our interest.
Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”
Violent Repression
Between 1898 and 1902, at least 200,000 Filipinos
died
4,000 US soldiers killed
Tactics
Indiscriminate killing
Torture (water boarding)
Burning of villages
Battle of Bud Dajo (1906)
Shifting Policy Toward Latin America
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Warned against European interference in Western Hemisphere
Policy of non-intervention
Roosevelt Corollary (1905)
Declared unilateral right of intervention
Roosevelt Corollary (1905)
All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and
prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon
our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with
reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps
order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United
States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening
of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require
intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United
States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to
the exercise of an international police power.
Cold War Interventions in the
Third World
Soc Sci 172AW
Announcements
Quiz #3 due Friday, May 24th, by 10pm
Peer review next week, Tuesday, May 28th
Bring to class two hard copies of your rough draft
Rough draft must be three pages
Include works cited page (does not count toward page requirement)
Types of Intervention
Full-scale military
invasions (war)
Korea (1950-1953)
Vietnam (1965-1973 [1955-1975])
Other military
operations
Marines: Haiti (1959)
Bombing: Laos (1965-1973)
Covert (secret)
operations
Proxy wars: Greece (1946-1949)
Assassination: Congo (1960)
Coups: Iran (1953); Guatemala (1954)
Explanations of Intervention in the
Third World
Realism
Emphasizes
security
Liberalism
Emphasizes
democracy and
human rights
Anti-imperialism
Emphasizes
economic
imperatives
Case Study: Greece
Greece (Background)
1941-1945 Greece occupied by Germany and Italy
1946-1949 Greek Civil War
Greek Communists (supported by Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia)
Right-wing Greek government (supported by US and Britain)
Truman: US should support Greece so that it can become a self-supporting and
self-respecting democracy.
Result: Greek government wins
Greece (Liberalism and Realism)
Liberalism
Goal: Protect democracy
in Greece
Evidence: Communists
overthrowing elected
government
Realism
Goal: Stop Soviet
expansionism
Evidence: Greek
communists supported
by Soviet allies
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well
or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden,
support any friend, oppose any foe to ensure the
survival and the success of liberty.
To those new states whom we welcome into the
ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one
form of colonial control shall not have passed
merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.
Greece (Anti-Imperialism)
Reason for intervention in Greece?
Access to resources
Fear of independent nationalism
Evidence?
Support for government repression
Soviet Union not involved
Case Study: Iran
Case Study: Iran (1953)
CIA-backed coup overthrows PM Mohammed Mossadegh
Destabilization tactics, bribe money, logistical support
Why?
Claim: Soft on communism
Limit power of Shah (king)
Nationalization
Case Study: Iran (1953), cont.
Results
Granted Shah absolute authority
Reversed oil nationalization
Embraced anti-communism
Adopted modernization program
Case Study: Guatemala
Case Study: Guatemala (1954)
CIA-backed coup overthrows Guatemalan President Jacob Arbenz Guzman
Armed/trained troops, bribes, air cover
Why?
Claim: Soft on communism
Confiscated 400,000 acres owned by American-controlled United Fruit
Company
Case Study: Guatemala (1954), cont.
New military government:
Returned the land
Jailed or executed opponents
Received US military aid
The Onset of the Cold War and the
Korean War
Soc Sci 172AW
Early Cold War Policies
(Mainstream Interpretation)
Containment (1947)
Idea: Contain the spread of world
communism
Prediction: Soviet world domination
Early Cold War Policies, cont.
(Mainstream Interpretation)
Truman Doctrine (1947)
$400 million in military/economic aid
Idea: Assist free nations
[I]t must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who
are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
pressures.
Early Cold War Policies, cont.
(Mainstream Interpretation)
Containment
Fits with realist perspective
Goal: Protect US security
Truman Doctrine
Fits with liberal perspective
Goal: Promote freedom and democracy abroad
Cold War: Causes
Consensus: Soviet Union at fault
Realism
Fear of Soviet power
Liberalism
Conflict between value systems
Cold War: Causes, cont.
Anti-Imperialism
Desire to take advantage of economic/military strength
Strategic use of Soviet threat
Ex: George Kennans Secret 1948 Policy Planning Study 23
Cold War Causes, cont.
we have about 50% of the world’s wealth but only 6.3% of its
population. This disparity is particularly great as between ourselves and
the peoples of Asia. In this situation, we cannot fail to be the object of
envy and resentment. Our real task in the coming period is to devise a
pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of
disparity without positive detriment to our national security.
The Korean War
(1950-1953)
Political Context for Korean War
Soviet tests of the atomic weapon in 1949
Soviet control in Eastern Europe
Loss of China in October 1949
Chinese Civil War (1927-1950)
Containment? Rollback
Mainstream Narrative of the War
After Japanese surrender, Korea divided into two zones
US in South, Soviet Union in North
June 25, 1950 North Korean Peoples Army invades the South
July, 1950 US troops deployed
US troops repel North Korean troops and push into North
Mainstream Narrative of the War, cont.
November, 1950 China enters the war
Push UN forces back past 38th parallel
Cease-fire in July, 1953
Divided at 38th parallel
Mainstream Explanations of the War
Realism
Protect credibility
Evaluation: Did not achieve all its aims
Liberalism
Stark choice between good and evil
Evaluation: Successfully defended South Korea from tyranny
Anti-Imperialist Perspective
Put focus back on US actions and their consequences
Three areas of US violence
1) Support for South Korean repression/violence
2) Indiscriminate bombing and shelling of North Korea
3) Killing civilians
Support for South Korean Repression
Allowed creation of Republic of Korea in South
Foreclosed peaceful alternatives
Severe violence/repression under Syngman Rhee
Crush opposition
Rebellions brutally put down
Murder of political prisoners
Bombing of North
Korea
US strategy
1
Destroy dams and hydroelectric
plants
2
Use napalm bombs on Pyongyang
3
Destroy villages and towns
purportedly harboring or
sympathetic to the enemy
Civilian Deaths
Official policy to target civilians
Refugees north of front lines to be considered enemies
No Gun Ri
400 refugees killed in 3 days
United States military
~ 34,000
Estimates
of Korean
War
Deaths
Chinese
~ 500,000
South Korea
415,000 killed or MIA; 500,000-1,000,000
civilians
North Korea
~ 1.5 million military/civilian combined
The Vietnam War
Soc Sci 172AW
Vietnam War (1955-1975)
Vietnam War: Background
French colonization beginning in 1880s
Japanese occupation (1940-1945)
French efforts to recolonize Vietnam after Japanese defeat
US supported French efforts
Opposed by Viet Minh
Vietnam War: Background, cont.
1954 Geneva Accords
Divided North from South
Promised elections by 1956 to reunify country
Leader of South (Ngo Dinh Diem) declared sovereign state and
rejected elections
Early Phase of US Involvement: 1954-1963
US supports oppressive Diem regime
Re-education camps
Failed land reform
Clampdowns on press
1960 National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) formed
US supports counterinsurgency effort
Major Combat Phase: 1965-1968
August, 1964, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1965? 160,000 US troops shipped in
Pacification of population in the South
Bombing of the North
1968 Tet Offensive
Final Phase:
1969-1973
1969 Nixon inaugurated
Increased bombing
Gradual withdrawal of
ground troops
Nixon Doctrine
War ends in 1973
Communist victory in
1975
Tactics (South)
Search-and-destroy
missions in villages
Evacuated villages
declared free-fire zones
Agent Orange
My Lai Massacre
Napalm
Tactics (North)
Bombing campaign killed and wounded civilians
Causes: high level flights, targets close to civilian areas, random jettison
of bombs
100,000 civilians killed in North Vietnam
Reasons Given For Intervening (1950s)
Eisenhowers domino theory
1952 National Security Council memo
Southeast Asia, especially Malaya [Malaysia and Singapore] and
Indonesia, is the principle world source of natural rubber and tin,
and a producer of petroleum and other strategically important
commodities. The rice exports of Burma and Thailand are critically
important to Malaya, Ceylon [Sri Lanka] and Hong Kong and are of
considerable significance to Japan and India, all important areas of free
Asia.
Reason For Intervening (1960s)
Consensus: protect US credibility
Assistant Secretary of Defense James McNaughton (1965):
70% ? To avoid a humiliating US defeat (to our reputation as a guarantor).
20% ? To keep SVN [South Vietnam] (and then adjacent) territory from Chinese
hands.
10% ? To permit the people of SVN to enjoy a better, freer way of life.
ALSO ? To emerge from the crisis without unacceptable taint from methods used.
Estimates of Vietnam War Deaths
American military deaths
~ 54,000
Vietnamese civilian deaths
1-2 million
Continuing casualties
Since 1975, 40,000 deaths from unexploded ordinance
Birth defects
Vietnam War: Current Interpretations
(Realism)
Criticize on pragmatic grounds
Not worth cost
Shows danger of morality in FP
Going to war
Fighting the war
Vietnam War: Current
Interpretations (Liberalism)
Context: global conflict
Overall: A tragic but well-intentioned mistake
Legitimate goals
Poor execution
US defeat
Vietnam War: Current
Interpretations
(Anti-Imperialism)
Criminal and immoral
No right of intervention
Achieved real US goal
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