Karen Horney’s Theory Discussion I attached the the theories The paper shall not be less than 4 pages and not exceed 6 pages. It should be in 11 or 12 poin

Karen Horney’s Theory Discussion I attached the the theories The paper shall not be less than 4 pages and not exceed 6 pages. It should be in 11 or 12 point Times New Roman Font with 1 inch margins and double spaced. This will be worth 75 points.Choose a personality trait or behavior that you have observed in yourself or someone close to you. Please choose at least one of the theorists in class and discuss this behavior/explain this behavior using the theory to explain it. Please use at least one outside/academic source for this paper. Also, please critique the theory related to cultural competence. Keep in mind how the trait or behavior has impacted your life; what are positives and/or negatives related to the behavior, when was it first observed, how has it changed during the span of your life. Please remember to use proper spelling and punctuation as points will be deducted if proper spelling, grammar and punctuation are not used. Personal Construct Theory:
George Kelly
Kelly’s Theory
?
Believed we are capable of interpreting
behaviors and events and of using this
understanding to guide our behavior and to
predict behavior of others
?
Differs substantially from every other approach
?
Each create a set of cognitive constructs about
the environment
?
Based on pattern we make predictions about
ourselves and other people and events—use this
to formulate our responses and guide our actions
Kelly’s Theory
?
To understand personality we must
first understand our own patterns;
the ways we organize or constructs
in our world
?
Kelly disagreed with behaviorism
and psychoanalysis
?
Believed people can be more than
passive responders to unconscious
Kelly
?
Believed people are forms in motion and
propel selves
?
Nothing does it to us passively
Experiential Based Theory
?
Derived from own experiences as a clinician
?
Saw people as scientists
?
Psychologists are not superior and no different
than the people they study
?
Did not embrace the Cognitive Movement nor
the Movement Kelly
Life of Kelly
?
Born on farm in Kansas in 1905
?
Only child
?
Very religious family
?
Traveled by covered wagon to Colorado when
he was 4 but returned to Kansas
?
Erratic early education
?
Age 13 attended high school in Wichita
?
Seldom lived at home after that
?
Earned Bachelor’s degree in physics and math
from Park College in Parkville, MO
Life of Kelly
?
Shifted interest from science to social problems
?
Taught at labor college in Minneapolis, MN
?
Attended Grad school at KU in Lawrence, KS
?
Taught at junior college in Iowa after
?
Did not like psychology or Freud
?
In 1929 was awarded a fellowship at University of
Edinburgh, Scotland
?
There he developed an interest in psychology
?
Returned to US for doctoral studies
Life of Kelly
?
Earned PhD from University of Iowa in 1931
?
Went to teach at Kansas State College in Ft.
Hayes, KS
?
Taught clinical psychology
?
Developed a program for local public schools
and students of the college
?
Created traveling clinics
?
Used traditional methods of assessment and
treatment
?
Theory formed largely based on clients
Life of Kelly
?
Impacted by WW II, joined US Navy
?
Taught at University of Maryland for 1 year after
war ended
?
Replaced Carl Rogers at University of Ohio for 19
years
?
In 1965 accepted invitation from Maslow to
Brandeis but died shortly after
Personal Construct Theory
?
Observe the events of our life (facts/data/our
own experiences) and interpret them in our own
way
?
Construct is an intellectual hypothesis that we
devise and sue to interpret or explain life events
?
Dichotomous – tall versus short; kind versus mean;
honest versus dishonest
?
Examples?
Construct Alternativism
?
We are free to revise or replace our constructs
with alternatives as needed
Corollary
?
Dichotomy—mutually exclusive; to describe
someone as honest we must understand
dishonest; can’t predict behavior with no
concept of the opposite
?
All constructs are part of mutually exclusive
alternatives
?
Freedom of choice—
?
Range—all constructs are appropriate for all
situations; range of events that construct can be
applied to
Corollary
?
Experience—new experiences create new
constructs; constructs that work at age 16 may be
useless later in life
?
Modulation—constructs can be reversed and
extended in light of new experiences
?
Fragmentation—constructs may be incompatible
even though they coexist within overall pattern;
people may accept each other as friends in one
setting but be adversaries in another
Questions About Human
Nature
?
Believes we are not the victims of our destiny
?
Past events are not determinants of our present
behavior
?
Did not posit an ultimate, end of life goal
?
Believed our goal is to establish a construct system
that enables us to predict events
Assessment in Kelly’s
theory
?
Interview—take clients words at face value;
respect
?
Self Characterization Sketches—designed to
assess a person’s construct system; how a person
perceives self in relationship to others
?
Role Construct Reparatory Test—Kelly devised;
helped uncover constructs we apply to the
important people in our lives; group important
people and group by sets of most alike
?
Fixed role therapy—client acts out constructs for a
fictitious person—shows how new constructs could
be more effective
Research on Kelly’s Theory
?
REP tests have been stable over time
?
Married subjects w/ similar REP’s report increased
happiness
?
Correspondence shown between one’s personal
characteristics and the ways of construing others
?
Used for vocational counseling, employee
selection; evaluation on the job and training
Cognitive
Complexity/Simplicity
?
Outgrowth of Kelly’s work
?
complexity is a cognitive style or way of
construing the environment by the ability to
perceive differences among people.
?
Simplicity—characterized by a relative inability to
perceive differences among people
Critiques
?
Based heavily on college students
?
Focus on intellectual and rational aspects of
human nature
?
Very popular in Europe and less popular in the US
?
Very little publication
Gordon Allport: Motivation and
Personality
Allport’s Life
?
Career of over 40 years
?
Born in 1897
?
Montezuma, Indiana
?
First American born theorist we are studying
?
Youngest of four sons
?
Mother a teacher/father a salesman turned doctor
?
Very religious
?
Strict mother and household rules
Allport’s life
?
Not as masculine as brothers
?
Did not really have friends
?
Isolated life
?
Allport believed healthy adults are unaffected by childhood events
?
Exceled due to feelings of inferiority
?
Ph.D. is psychology from Harvard
?
Second in high school class
?
Graduated in 1915 and went to Istanbul, Turkey
?
Upon return he met Freud
Allport’s early career
?
Met Freud in Vienna
?
Freud immediately assessed Allport as having a compulsive
personality
?
Street car example
?
Allport viewed the encounter in later years as traumatic
?
Wrote the book Personality: A Psychological Interpretation in 1937
?
Brought personality into the mainstream
Differed from Freud
?
Allport believe the unconscious was not as Freud described it
?
He believed emotionally healthy people function rationally and
consciously
?
He believed emotionally healthy people have control over their
personality
?
He believed the unconscious was only important in the behavior of
“neurotic or disturbed individuals”
?
We are not prisoners of childhood issues
?
Guided more by present and view of the future
Allport’s Contributions
?
He opposed collecting data from abnormal personalities and said
instead the field should be studying normal/healthy personality to
determine theory.
?
Uniqueness of Person—very aligned with social work values and
ethics
?
?
Saw each person as unique and not universal/specific
Believed inferiority are feelings of isolation and rejection and all
people deal with these to some degree
Nature of Personality
?
Dynamic
?
Organized
?
Constantly changing and growing
?
Almost two personalities—one for child; one for adult
?
Psychosocial to him was personality composed of both mind and
body together as one unit
?
All facets of personality activate and direct specific behaviors and
thoughts
?
Believed people were rational in the decisions they made about
behaviors (rather than just impulses or uncontrolled desires)
Personality Traits
?
Traits are distinguishing characteristics that guide behavior;
measured on a continuum and subject to social, environmental and
cultural influences
?
1. Real and exist within each of us
?
2. Determine or cause behavior
?
3. Can be demonstrated
?
4. Interrelated—may overlap—aggressiveness and hostility
?
5. Vary with the situation—can be neat and orderly in one area but
based on situation disorderly in another
Traits
?
Individual—unique
?
Common—shared by many
?
Personal dispositions (changed to this)—peculiar to an individual
?
Cardinal trait—pervasive and influential
?
Central traits—everyone has 5-10 themes that best describe
behavior
?
Secondary traits—least influential traits—may display inconsistently
Motivation
?
Past does not explain current behavior
?
Plans an intentions play a vital role
?
Differed from Freud in this way also
?
We strive for what we want and that is key to understanding our
behavior
?
Functional autonomy of motives—independent of childhood events
?
2 levels of functional autonomy—Perservative and Propriate
Functional Autonomy
?
Idea that motivations in the normal, mature adult are independent
of the childhood experience.
?
Tree example
?
Preservative functional autonomy—relates to low level and routine
behaviors
?
Propriate functional autonomy—(proprium is allport’s term for the
psyche or ego)
?
Relates to all of our values; self-image and lifestyle
Propriate Functional Autonomy
?
Relates to our values, self-image and lifestyle
?
We retain motives that enhance our self esteem or self image
?
Direct relationship between our interests and abilities
?
?
Organizing the energy level
?
Mastery and competence
?
Propriate patterning
Proprium—his term for the ego or self
Organizing functioning
?
?
Organizing & energy level
?
Explains how we acquire new motives
?
Motives arise from necessity
Mastery and competence
?
Refers to level at which we choose to satisfy motives
?
?
Master new skills
Propriate Patterning
?
Striving for consistency and integration of personality
Stages of development
In Childhood
?
Unique Self
?
Infants have no awareness of self
?
Then Proprium emerges
?
3 stages of proprium development
?
1. Bodily Self (ages birth to 4) develops when infants begin to be aware
of own fingers/grasping/own body.
?
2. Self Identity (birth to 4) children learn their own name and see selves
as distinct from others
?
3. Self-esteem (birth to 4 years) can accomplish things on their own;
become motivated to build, explore, manipulate objects
Stages of Development
In Childhood
?
Extension of Self (age 4-6 years) people are part of a larger world
?
Self-image—ages 4-6 years) how children see and would like to see
themselves
?
Self as a rational coper (ages 6-12 years) reason and logic can be
applied to solving every day problems
?
Propriate Striving (12-18 years) begins to formulate long range plans
and goals for self
?
Adulthood (rest of life) autonomy; free of child hood motivations
Allport
?
Placed great importance on the infant and mother bond
Healthy Adult Personality
?
This grows and changes from infancy
?
6 criteria for adult personalities
?
1. Extended Sense of Self—people and activities beyond the self
?
2. Mature adults relate warmly to other people exhibiting intimacy
?
3. High degree of self-acceptance helps to achieve emotional
security
?
4. Realistic perception of life—develop personal skills make a
commitment to some type of work
?
5. Sense of humor and self objectification
?
6. Unifying philosophy of life-directs toward future goals
Assessment
?
Used many techniques due to the complexity of personality
?
Personal-document technique—the study of a person’s written or
spoken records
?
Jenny
Study of Values
?
Allport developed a test called the study of values
?
Personal values are the basis of our unifying philosophy of life
?
1. Theoretical values-concerned with the discovery of truth
?
2. Economic values—concerned with the useful and practical
?
3. Aesthetic values—form harmony/grace
?
4. Social values—human relationships, activism, and philanthropy
?
5. Political values—power, influence, and prestige
?
6. Religious values—deal with the mystical
Research on Allport
?
Did not believe in only experimental or correlational methods
?
Expressive behavior—spontaneous behavior
?
Coping Behavior—consciously planned behavior
?
Effects of Gender and age—women and children better at reading
facial expressions than males
?
Cultural differences in facial expressions
Criticisms
?
Can his theory be tested?
?
Functional autonomy—how is an original motive transformed into an
autonomous one
?
Not generalizable—too focused on uniqueness of person
Contributions
?
Influential
?
Impacted Maslow and Rogers
?
Readable theory
Karen Horney: Theory,
Research, and Practice
Karen Horney Life
?
Born in 1885—Died in 1952
?
Hamburg, Germany
?
Second born child
?
Father was 50 at her birth, mother 17 years younger than father
?
Parents had opposite parenting styles
?
Father absent a great deal due to his work
Karen Horney Life
?
Developed romantic crushes on male teachers as a teen
?
Decided to become a physician at the age of 12
?
Graduated med school in 1913
?
One of first females admitted to medical school
?
Had 3 children—a very cold parent
?
Married for 17 years
?
Multiple relationships after—often with other psychoanalysts
?
She believed a lack of love in childhood fosters anxiety and hostility
Horney Key Differences
?
Took issue with Freud’s view of women
?
Proposed womb envy in response to the Oedipal complex
?
Believed people were not motivated by sex, hunger etc but rather by needs
for security and love
Self
?
Horney felt like a neglected second born, jealous of older sibling
?
Searched for love all her life
?
Underwent psychoanalysis by a Freudian trained person
?
Went on to do self-analysis and was influenced by Adler’s theory
Childhood Need for security
?
Believed in importance of early years (agreed with Freud on this)
?
Believed in social forces more than biological forces
?
Safety Need—need for security and freedom of fear
?
Believed parents could impact or weaken security by displaying a lack of
warmth and affection toward the child
?
Believed helplessness in infancy could lead to neurotic behavior
Undermining Child’s Security
?
Child’s helplessness
?
Congruence of expressions and reality
?
Creating dependence
?
Less likely to rebel if afraid or love parents (will repress hostility)
Origin of Neurosis
Thinkstock
“…people…are too
wrapped up in their own
neuroses to be able to
love the child…the child
does not develop a
feeling of belonging…
instead a profound
insecurity and vague
apprehensiveness …
basic anxiety.”
– Horney, 1950, p. 18
Horney: Basic anxiety
?
?
?
?
?
We are all alone in an unfriendly
world/foundation of neurosis
Relate to others out of “strategic
necessity”, not the child’s real
feelings
How do I get by, cope with people,
with minimal damage to myself??
Abandon the healthy drive for
self-realization (primary goal)
Replace it with…
Ewen, 2010
Photo: http://www.psikologmalang.com/2013/01/teosi-kecemasan-dasar-basic-anxiety.html
Protect from Basic Anxiety
?
1. Securing Affection
?
2. Being Submissive
?
3. Attaining Power
?
4. Withdrawing—all other ways have to do with interaction, this one does not
Neurotic Needs (so permanent takes on
characteristics of a drive)
?
1. Affection and approval
?
2. A dominant partner
?
3. Power
?
4. Exploitation
?
5. Prestige
?
6. Admiration
?
7. Achievement or Ambition
?
8. Self-sufficiency
?
9. Perfection
?
10. Narrow limits to life
Neurotic “solutions” for basic
anxiety/Neurotic Trends
Move toward people
Move against people
• Reduce anxiety by
being cared for,
protected
• Others must love
me b/c I am weak/
helpless
• Repressed:
hostility,
selfishness,
healthy
assertiveness
• Reduce anxiety by
gaining mastery,
domination
• “only the strong
survive”
• Ruthlessness =
strength
• Repressed:
helplessness,
healthy need for
love
Move away from
people
• Reduce anxiety by
avoiding contact
• I am self-sufficient
• I don’t need help
• Repressed: needs,
emotions, desire
to be dependent,
healthy desire for
affiliation and love
Compliant Personality
?
Move toward other people
?
Need for affection/approval
?
An urge to be loved, wanted, protected
?
Manipulate to achieve needs
?
May be considerate, appreciative, responsive
?
Conciliatory
?
Regard others as superior
?
Repressed hostility leads to these behaviors
Aggressive Personality
?
Move against other people
?
The world is hostile and only the most fit survive
?
No fear of rejection
?
Surpass others
?
Argue, criticize, demand, and do anything to retain superiority
?
May try to appear superior
?
But driven by fear, anxiety and hostility
Detached Personality
?
Move away from others
?
Keep distance
?
Do not feel love, hate or cooperate with others
?
Seek self sufficiency
?
Desire privacy
?
Need to feel superior automatically not by striving for it
Conflict
?
Believed one neurotic trend was dominant
?
Other two were present but to a lesser degree
?
When a repressed trend seeks to be expressed it results in conflict within the
person
?
Conflict is basic incompatibility of three neurotic trends-core of neurosis
?
In non-neurotic person, all three trends can be expressed as circumstances
warrant
Idealized image
?
All develop an image of the self (healthy or
unhealthy)
?
For neurotics: Impossible, unattainable
?
“a person builds up an idealized image of
himself [sic] because he cannot tolerate
himself as he actually is…having placed
himself on a pedestal, he can tolerate his real
self still less…he then wavers between selfadoration and self-contempt, between his
idealized image and his despised image…” –Horney,
1945, p. 112
Self Image/Idealized Self
?
Normal people—a picture of oneself built on a flexible and realistic
assessment of abilities.
?
Neurotic people—based on an inflexible and unrealistic self image
Tyranny of the Shoulds
?
This is something neurotic individuals tell themselves
?
Expectation of perfection
?
Deny self to attain idealized self
?
Can be self loathing once they realize they can’t achieve self image
Neurotic Self Image
?
Externalization—way to defend against conflict caused between idealized and
real self-image by projecting onto outside world
Vicious cycle produced by idealized
image
Pathogenic
parent
behaviors
Increased anxiety,
contempt for real
self
Basic anxiety
Safety replaces
self-realization
Child tries to
achieve safety
(3 ways)
Greater need
for idealized
self-image
Failure
Unattainable
standards
(“shoulds”)
Ewen, 2010
Claims
?
Unrealistic demands or expectations
imposed on other people by the
neurotic person
That girl I’ve
never met
should be
asking me to
dance…
Ewen, 2010
http://www.theonion.com/tag/parties
Feminine psychology
? One
of Horney’s more well-known
contributions
? Developed
? First
in 1922
woman to present on the issue
? Strongly
critical of Freud’s views on women
Womb envy
? Freud:
women have penis envy (forever
resentful)
? Horney:
? Men
men have womb envy
not capable of childbirth, small role
? Overcompensate
? Also
by achievement in work
demonstrated by belittling women, reinforce their
inferior status
Feminine Psychology
? Horney did not deny that many women believe
themsel…
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