Preventing Corporate Espionage Report Complete the following projects from your textbook:
Preventing Corporate Espionage (project 7.1 at the end of chapter 7)
Handling Employees (project 7.2 at the end of chapter 7)
Asset Identification in your Organization (project 7.3 at the end of chapter 7)
Directions:
Combined, your report should be 5-6 pages in length, not including the title or reference pages.
Be sure to provide citations from your readings and additional research to support your statements.
Your paper must follow APA style guidelines, as appropriate.
Regarding the projects you will find it on the attached book Complete the following projects from your textbook:
1.
2.
3.
Preventing Corporate Espionage (project 7.1 at the end of chapter 7)
Handling Employees (project 7.2 at the end of chapter 7)
Asset Identification in your Organization (project 7.3 at the end of chapter 7)
Directions:
Combined, your report should be 5-6 pages in length, not including the title or reference pages.
Be sure to provide citations from your readings and additional research to support your statements.
Your paper must follow APA style guidelines, as appropriate.
Regarding the projects you will find it on the attached book
Computer Security
Fundamentals
Chuck Easttom
800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
Computer Security Fundamentals
Associate Publisher
David Dusthimer
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to
the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the
preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or
omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-4890-4
ISBN-10: 0-7897-4890-8
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Printed in the United States of America
First Printing: December 2011
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1
Introduction to Computer Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2
Networks and the Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3
Cyber Stalking, Fraud, and Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4
Denial of Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5
Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6
Techniques Used by Hackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7
Industrial Espionage in Cyberspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8
Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
9
Computer Security Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
10
Security Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
11
Network Scanning and Vulnerability Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
12
Cyber Terrorism and Information Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
13
Cyber Detective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
14
Introduction to Forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
A
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
B
Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
iii
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Security
2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How Seriously Should You Take Threats to Network Security?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Identifying Types of Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Compromising System Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Denial of Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Web Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Session Hijacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DNS Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Assessing the Likelihood of an Attack on Your Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Basic Security Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hacker Slang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Professional Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Concepts and Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
How Do Legal Issues Impact Network Security? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Online Security Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Microsoft Security Advisor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
F-Secure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SANS Institute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Test Your Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 2: Networks and the Internet
22
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Network Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
iv
Table of Contents
The Physical Connection: Local Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Faster Connection Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
How the Internet Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
CIDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Uniform Resource Locators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
History of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Basic Network Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
IPConfig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Tracert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Other Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Advanced Network Communications Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Media Access Control (MAC) Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Test Your Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chapter 3: Cyber Stalking, Fraud, and Abuse
48
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
How Internet Fraud Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Investment Offers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Auction Frauds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Identity Theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Phishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Cyber Stalking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Laws about Internet Fraud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Protecting Yourself against Cyber Crime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Protecting against Investment Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Protecting against Identity Theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Secure Browser Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table of Contents
v
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Test Your Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Chapter Footnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 4: Denial of Service Attacks
72
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Denial of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Illustrating an Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Common Tools Used for DoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
DoS Weaknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Specific DoS attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Land Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Test Your Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 5: Malware
92
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
How a Virus Spreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Recent Virus Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
W32/Netsky-P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Troj/Invo-Zip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
MacDefender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The Sobig Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The Mimail Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
The Bagle Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
A Nonvirus Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Rules for Avoiding Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Trojan Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
The Buffer-Overflow Attack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
The Sasser Virus/Buffer Overflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
vi
Table of Contents
Spyware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Legal Uses of Spyware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
How Is Spyware Delivered to a Target System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Obtaining Spyware Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Other Forms of Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Rootkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Malicious Web-Based Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Logic Bombs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Detecting and Eliminating Viruses and Spyware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Antivirus Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Antispyware Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Test Your Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 6: Techniques Used by Hackers
116
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Basic Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
The Reconnaissance Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Passive Scanning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Active Scanning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Actual Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
SQL Script Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Cross-Site Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Password Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Test Your Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Chapter 7: Industrial Espionage in Cyberspace
132
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
What Is Industrial Espionage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Information as an Asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Real-World Examples of Industrial Espionage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Table of Contents
vii
Example 1: VIA Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Example 2: General Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Example 3: Interactive Television Technologies, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Example 4: Bloomberg, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Example 5: Avant Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Industrial Espionage and You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
How Does Espionage Occur? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Low-Tech Industrial Espionage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Spyware Used in Industrial Espionage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Steganography Used in Industrial Espionage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Phone Taps and Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Protecting against Industrial Espionage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Industrial Espionage Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Spear Phishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Test Your Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Chapter 8: Encryption
154
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Cryptography Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
History of Encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . …
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