answer the question

I don’t understand this English question and need help to study.

1.Each branch point on a syntactic tree is called a _________.

2.Draw and label a complete syntax tree for the sentence below, using the X-bar Schema.

The hungry child quickly devoured the peanut butter sandwich.

3.Explain how ambiguity creates the humor in this joke:

Man in restaurant: I’ll have two lamb chops, and make them lean, please.

Waiter: To which side?

4.The branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the meaning of utterances rather than smaller semantic units is ________.

5.Two words that are spelled the same way but not necessarily pronounced the same way and with different meanings, (like the verb bow, and the noun bow), are _________.

6.Consider a typical lecture meeting of one of your courses during a “normal” semester. What are the characteristics that define it as a lecture, as distinct from an informal conversation, or a workshop, or another interactive speech event? In addition to the verbal behavior of participants, are there characteristic nonverbal behaviors? In your experience, have the same defining characteristics carried over into the online continuations of your courses this semester?

7.A _______ is an artificial language of expedience. It tends to be a very simple language, created from bits and pieces of the mutually unintelligible languages spoken by those who are trying to communicate with each other.

8.AAE is an example of a ___________ dialect of English which has historically been associated with discrimination against African Americans, but has often been embraced as a means of positive group identification.

9.A ________________ is a language that has been reconstructed as a probable parent language, based on the structure and vocabulary of daughter languages.

10.Comparing cognates allows historical linguists to establish sound ______________ which give us an idea about the probable forms of earlier, unattested parent languages.

11.In the movie Pygmalion, one of the characters says, “The English do not know how to speak their own language. Only foreigners who have been taught to speak it speak it well.” Based on your own experience as a native speaker or someone who has learned to speak English as a second language, is there any truth to this statement? Explain.

12.Languages can change within a single lifetime. Can you think of any prescriptive rules you were taught (in English or in another language), that you believe may reflect an outdated usage? How important do you think it is that teachers stay on the cutting edge of modern usage?