Answer following questions
Can you help me understand this Psychology question?
Part 1
Infant Behavior and Attachment
The Strange Situation was one method devised to assess infant attachment, and this method has been empirically demonstrated to correlate to numerous outcomes. However, some have asked if this is an appropriate method in a culture where parenting practices differ from the U.S. and if the strange situation is less stressful for children in daycare who are regularly separated from their parents (Clarke-Stewart, Goossens, & Allhusen, 2001).
CONSIDER THESE QUESTIONS:
1. What behaviors in what kind of situations would you associate with secure attachment?
2. What behaviors in what kind of situations would you associate with insecure attachment?
3. Is Healthy Attachment threatened by Mothers/Caregivers working outside of the home?
____________________________
FEEL FREE TO REFER TO YOUR DISCUSSION ARTICLE
California Attachment Procedure (CAP) (Clarke-Stewart, Goossens, & Allhusen, 2001). This method assessed attachment while the mother was still in the room by observing both child and parent behavior in response to three stress-inducing situations: a mysterious loud noise, the entry of an odd adult (a wizard) asking the child to play, and a mechanical robot.
Part 2
1.The terms “growth” and “development” are synonymous.
Group of answer choices
True
False
2.John B. Watson’s theory emphasizes libidinal energy and erogenous zones.
Group of answer choices
True
False
3.Theories are related statements about events.
Group of answer choices
True
False
4.Freud felt insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems.
Group of answer choices
True
False
5.According to Erikson, successful resolution of early life crises sets the stage for positive resolution of later crises.
Group of answer choices
True
False
6.The first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust.
Group of answer choices
True
False
7.The study of the influence of genes on development is the study of nature (heredity) as opposed to nurture(environment).
Group of answer choices
True
False
8.Theorists who believe that a number of rapid, successive changes bring about development adhere to the belief thatdevelopment is continuous
Group of answer choices
True
False
9.The first step in the scientific method is testing the hypothesis.
Group of answer choices
True
False
10.In developmental psychology, how do we define “child?”
Group of answer choices
A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty
A person undergoing development during the first three years of life
Any human being, as defined by each individual and culture
The period of development prior to the development of complex speech
11.The term “infancy” is derived from Latin roots meaning
Group of answer choices
not speaking.
not walking.
not eating solid foods.
a child younger than age 3.
12.In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were
Group of answer choices
nurtured until they reached the “age of reason.”
perceived as innately good.
considered blank slates.
protected by laws from harsh treatment.
13.Which thinker suggested that children are born a “tabula rasa?”
Group of answer choices
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Alfred Binet
Sigmund Freud
14.Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth?
Group of answer choices
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
Alfred Binet
Sigmund Freud
15.Just four years after Watson proposed his behavioralist viewsthatideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by theenvironment, Gesell came forward with which perspective of child development?
Group of answer choices
Biological maturation is the main principle of development.
Children are inherently evil.
Children are inherently good.
Environment is the main principle of development.
16.What is one characteristic of a useful theory?
Group of answer choices
They allow us to make predictions.
They allow us to eliminate conflicting ideas.
They are broad enough to be true for all humans.
They enable laypersons to codify behavior.
17.In developmental psychology, how do we define “child?”
Group of answer choices
A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty
A person undergoing development during the first three years of life
Any human being, as defined by each individual and culture
The period of development prior to the development of complex speech
18.Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years, middle childhood can best be defined as the
Group of answer choices
years from 6 to 12.
blank slate period.
years from 6 to 9.
time of greatest gains in height and weight.
19.Sydney is 3 years old. Her height and weight are determined by
Group of answer choices
the combined influence of factors such as genetics and nutrition.
biological factors only, such as genetics.
external factors only, such as nutrition and parenting style.
her level of cognitive and socioemotional development.
20.According to your textbook, the study of issues such as the effects of daycare programs on children’s social and intellectual development fall under which of the following motives for studying child development?
Group of answer choices
Optimizing conditions of development
Gaining insight into human nature
Gaining insight into sex differences and gender roles
Gaining insight into the origins and prevention of developmental problems
Question 211 pts
Charles Darwin is best known as the
Group of answer choices
originator of the theory of evolution.
creator of the theory known as behaviorism.
founder of child development as an academic discipline.
developer of the research method known as the cross-sectional study.
22.In his research, Piaget became fascinated by the wrong answers children gave to items on intelligence tests. These wrong answers reflected
Group of answer choices
consistent but illogical processes.
inconsistent but logical mental processes.
consistent but logical processes.
inconsistent but illogical processes.
Group of answer choices
budding scientists.
ignorant blank slates.
at the mercy of instinctive impulses.
passive vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge.
24.According to Piaget, which of the following represents a scheme for infants?
Group of answer choices
Things I can grab
Things I can test
Things I can think about
Things I can classify
25.Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motor development best represent
Group of answer choices
Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motor development best represent
quantitative changes.
both qualitative and quantitative changes.
neither qualitative nor quantitative changes.
26.A conditioned stimulus is one that occurs without prior learning.
Group of answer choices
True
False
27.Negative reinforcement will increase a desired behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed.
Group of answer choices
True
False
28.According to the textbook, the development of language is due entirely to biology (nature).
Group of answer choices
True
False
29.Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget were both stage theorists.
Group of answer choices
True
False
30.Dillon is in the period known as “early” childhood. His membership in this group is determined by his
Group of answer choices
age
ability to communicate with others.
level of social skill.
height and weight.
31.What changes regarding children did not occur until the 20th century?
Group of answer choices
Passing laws to protect children from strenuous labor and caretaker abuse
Viewing children as miniature adults after the age of 7
Convicting children of crimes, sending them to monasteries, and marrying them without their consent
Viewing children as the property of their parents
32.Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth?
Group of answer choices
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
Alfred Binet
Sigmund Freud
33.Who is credited with founding child development as an academic discipline and used questionnaires to study the“contents of children’s minds?”
Group of answer choices
G. Stanley Hall
John Watson
Jean Piaget
John Locke
34.Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory?
Group of answer choices
Freud
Horney
Darwin
Jung
35.According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict takes place between the child and
Group of answer choices
the external world.
their internal forces.
his/her superego.
the fixations the child develops during the psychosexual stages of development.
36.According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth and is unconscious?
Group of answer choices
Id
Ego
Superego
Superid
37.Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness, similar to a(n)
Group of answer choices
iceberg.
volcano.
submarine.
reflection.
38.According to Freud, where in consciousness does the psychic structure called the id reside?
Group of answer choices
Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious
Archetype
39.According to Freud, the psychic structure called ego
Group of answer choices
helps the id get gratified in a socially appropriate way.
is driven by a quest for pleasure.
is our moral base that forces us to follow rules.
is biologically based and present at birth.
Group of answer choices
represents the norms and morals of caregivers and society.
is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.
develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges.
reflects the unique thought processes of the individual
41.Is there research evidence to support the idea that children who are weaned early or breast-fed too long develop oral fixations such as nail biting or smoking?
Group of answer choices
No, there is no research evidence to support the claim.
Yes, this has largely been validated.
Yes, for men, but not for women.
No; instead, the fixation leads to traits such as sloppiness and carelessness.
42.According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development.
Group of answer choices
According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development.
fixated
anal
latency
43.A person who is ____ would be labeled “anal-expulsive.”
Group of answer choices
careless and sloppy
overly dependent
very gullible or easily fooled
orderly and neat
44.Which of the following is the correct order of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
Group of answer choices
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital
Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital
Phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital
45.Erikson’s psychosocial theory deviates from Freud’s psychosexual theory in that Erikson
Group of answer choices
emphasized social relationships and physical maturation.
emphasized sexual and aggressive instincts.
extended Freud’s five stages to 10 stages.
noted that personality development actually begins before birth.
46.Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upon
Group of answer choices
life crises.
chronological age.
psychosexual crises.
unhealthy patterns of parenting.
47.Elena is a 6-month-old infant. She is leaning that her basic needs will be taken care of by her caregivers and herenvironment. According to Erikson’s theory, which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in?
Group of answer choices
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
48.What is the second stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson?
Group of answer choices
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Trust vs. mistrust
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
49.According to Erikson, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6?
Group of answer choices
Initiative vs. guilt
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Industry vs. inferiority
50.Which stage in Erikson’s theory involves the development of independence?
Group of answer choices
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Trust vs. mistrust
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
51.Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?
Group of answer choices
Skinner
Freud
Watson
Piaget
52.With negative reinforcement,
Group of answer choices
you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant.
you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad.
you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired.
negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.
53.Nathan enjoys riding his bicycle outside. Each day that Nathan cleans up the toys in his room, he gets to ride his bikefor an extra 15 minutes that day. The additional bike-riding time
Group of answer choices
is a positive reinforcer.
is a negative reinforcer.
is a punishment.
is an unconditioned response.
54.Which of the following is an example of “time out from positive reinforcement”?
Group of answer choices
Placing the child away from peers for a time with no rewards
Placing the child in a time out seat at the front of the classroom
Punishing the child by making him write sentences on the board
Refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homework
55.Albert Bandura would agree with which statement?
Group of answer choices
A child can learn how to use crayons by watching others use crayons.
The bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting is a social-cognitive approach.
Children react mechanically to stimuli.
People are driven by motives such as sex and aggression.
