Writing for Success Chapters 2 to 6 Rephrasing Paper Paraphrase all the document i attached and there is also 12 picture, hand writing they are all small p

Writing for Success Chapters 2 to 6 Rephrasing Paper Paraphrase all the document i attached and there is also 12 picture, hand writing they are all small part, i couldn’t upload them here because it’s not allowed more than 5 files Chapter 5: Evaluating and Critiquing Extended Informal Arguments
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Purpose of argument evaluation and critiquing is to determine the validity and soundness
of claims made and claims supported, what weakens and strengthen them.
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The following question are used to criticize and evaluate an argument (Use them in
order):
1. What precisely the argument presented? Identify the P.P.O.V or conclusion.
2. Is the argument valid? Do the premises lead to a conclusion?
3. Is the argument sound/valid? Is the premise factual? Is the source reliable?
4. Does the claim go beyond the premise offered to support it? Are any fallacies
committed in the argument?
5. What counterexamples weaken/strengthen the argument?
6. What is the best counterargument to destroy the original argument?
-Example for a counterexample (Question #5 from the list):
1- You must be a rich boy, since you are from the middle east.
2- Who said so? Not all Arabs are rich, that’s just a stereotype. Maybe you only have met the
rich Arabs!
-Example for a counterargument:
1- Zaid made a mistake when he told Rashid that he’s not as good player as he used to be. He
hurt his feelings and he didn’t have the right to do so.
2- Zaid didn’t make a mistake by doing so, he did the right thing. If everyone kept
complimenting Rashid, then he wouldn’t realize that he’s not as good as he used to be. At least
now he knows and he can work harder to get better.
Counterarguments: Attacks the original conclusion itself by making an argument that
disprove/destroy the original argument. You must directly challenge the original p.p.o.v.
Counterexamples aim at weakening an original argument, while Counterarguments aim at
destroying the original argument.
Example: – Azzan thought that Adam did have the amount of money that he owes them when he
knew that Adam bought the brand new iPhone X. He was mad because Adam should have paid
him back the money he owned him instead of buying a new iPhone.
-What Azzan didn’t know is that Adam didn’t buy that iPhone for himself. He bought it for his
brother who asked him to do so and sent the money for it. So Adam didn’t use his own money,
he used what his brother’s sent him.
Chapter 6: Formal Logic
Formal logic is the study of argument forms based on rules and argument format rather than
semantic content of argument.
Primary purpose: To learn how to organize data consistently into coherent units of validity.
Chapter 7: Formal Logic Continued: Truth Tables, Equivalence, and Logical Derivations
A truth table is a tabular chart of all the possible true and false values of all the component parts
of complex arguments. A complex argument is two or more simple claims connected by “and,”
“or,” or “if-then” conditional.
Conjunction (&): Only true when both conjuncts are true:
-T & T = True
-T & F = False
-F & T = False
-F & F = False
Disjunction (V): Inclusive and Exclusive Disjunction
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Inclusive: -T v T= T
-T v F= T
-F v T= T
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Exclusive: T v T= F
– T v F= T
– F v T= T
-FvF=F
-F v F= F
In inclusive disjunction, it’s true when both of its disjuncts are true, and when either of its
disjuncts is true. Otherwise, it’s false.
On the other hand, in Exclusive disjunction, the value is true if only one, and only one, of the
disjuncts is true. Otherwise, it’s false.
Conditionals (→):
-T→T = T
-T→F = F
-F→T = T
-F→F = F
They have the truth value of false only when the antecedent is true while the consequent
simultaneously is false.
Chapter 8: Logic in Everyday Life
Formal Logic is highly useful in debate tournaments, in solving games and puzzles, essay
writing and communication reasoning. Also, Formal logic is the language of milieu of
computers.
Informal Logic is a primary vehicle for critical thinking analysis, critiques, evaluation and
assessments of everyday information. It’s also used in standardized test-taking, legal reasoning,
public policy analysis, and essay writing.
Examples of Informal Logic uses:
Standardized Test-Taking:
When taking an exam that has multiple choices, it’s important to use logic to eliminate as many
answers as you can which can help you to figure the correct answer in an easier way. So, when
having a question of 4 multiple choices, it’s really good to eliminate some of the answers by
using informal logic. Let’s say that you eliminated two of the choices that you’re given, then the
chance of answering the question correctly will increase to 50%.
Legal Reasoning:
The process of arriving to a legal decision. Moreover, it’s always dependent upon a question of
law related to a question of fact. Plessy V. Ferguson and Brown V. Broad of Education are very
good examples of two classic U.S. Supreme Court cases that show how legal reasoning is used.
Public Policy Analysis:
A regular process within government administrative operations, including district, county, state
and national levels. The Primary purpose of the analysis is to properly identify problem areas,
resolve them, how much the correction would cost, who it would benefit, how many, when, and
the consequences of doing so.
Essay Writing:
The purpose of writing an essay is to persuade, explain, establish causation, entertain, infer
relationships, and predict or recommend decision-making. It is a logically ordered process with a
beginning, middle, and an end. The beginning with establishing a thesis, elaborating it in the
middle, and at the end “wrapping it up.”
Reflection Paper
Participation:
When it comes to participation in the class, I would give myself a 70%. I do not share my ideas
directly with the professor, I usually share them with my classmates. I feel more comfortable by
doing so. Honestly, the reason why I don’t participate a lot in class is because I don’t have
confident in myself when it comes to public speaking in English. So, most of the time I listen to
what the professor and the students say and I have something on my mind that I want to share,
but I don’t. I think if my English was better than it’s right now, I’d share so many good thoughts
with my fellow classmates because I know that I’m smart and that my ideas are worth listening
to.
Portfolio:
I loved the idea of the portfolio. Professor Rick is a smart professor. He knows how to make his
students benefit from his class the most. He wants us to use the portfolio for the rest of our lives.
So it’s important to make sure that what I write on the portfolio is clear and easy to understand,
so that when I review it in the future I would be able to understand its contents. I’m struggling
with understanding chapter 6 and 7 of the Straight to the Point book, other than that everything
is clear. I would give myself a 88% for the portfolio.
Attendance:
I think I missed between three to four classes. I missed a lot of classes because I have been
through some hard situation that I have never been through before. During this semester, I have
been thinking of going back to my home country and finish my degree over there. I think I need
to learn how to deal with homesickness in a better way. During the Christmas break I will work
on that. I will try to fit more on the society, hang out with different people, and I will try to
prevent staying at home alone.
Overall Grade:
I would give myself a B on this class. Before I took this class I used to think in a different way
and that is due to the fact that I came from a closed community, a community where you
shouldn’t be “open-minded” but now I know that the way I used to think was completely wrong,
and that this life is not how preachers tell us it’s. I learned from this class to use logic to reach to
a conclusion that makes sense. I would like to thank Professor Rick for teaching me a lot. When
I compare the way I used to think to the way I think now, I know that taking this class has made
a difference in my life.

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