University of Colorado at Boulder Breastmilk Microbiome Research Paper Research is Human Breast Milk Microbiome. Powerpoint is there for additional help es

University of Colorado at Boulder Breastmilk Microbiome Research Paper Research is Human Breast Milk Microbiome. Powerpoint is there for additional help especially for the outline, however, a summary report is needed with more details and explaination. Requirements, rubric, and powerpoint all attatched. HUman Milk microbiome & the
consumption of hmo by the gut
microbiota of the infant.
Microbial Ecology
Overview
❏ Breastfeeding and health
❏ Human milk microbiome- Origin,
Composition
❏ Infant Gut Microbiome
❏ HMO
❏ Bifidobacterium
❏ Utilization of glycan
❏ Befefits
❏ Improving Breastfeeding Practices
Breastfeeding & health
*Human milk is the best food for
infants.
*Multitude of benefits for mother and
the child
*Improves nutrition, education,
maternal & child health and survival.
*Reduces child mortality, its health
benefits extend into adulthood.
*Associated with microbiome structure
in early life
Breastfeeding in THE 21st CENTURY
*WHO policy: exclusive breastfeeding
for 6 months of life.
*800,000 children die annually(not
optimally breastfed)
*risk of death of an exclusively
breastfed child is only 12%
*13% reduction in overweight/obesity
prevalence
*35% reduction in type-2 diabetes.
*Save an estimated 823,000 lives
annually.
Shows the proportion of children around 12
months of age who are breastfed in 153
countries
The human milk:Composition
*Mammary gland:produces milk, development
starts last third of pregnancy
*Lipids,Oligosaccharides,vitamins, Immune
components, hormones, microbiota etc.
*HMM contains a healthy dose of commensal
bacteria, mutualistic and potentially
probiotic bacteria.
*more than 200 bacterial species
*Composition & variation of the human milk
microbiota are heavily influenced by many
maternal factors.
Maternal Factors that influence milk bacterial communities
Bacteria commonly found in BREAST MILK
Origin of breastmilk Microbiota
*Microorganisms recognized second half of the past century while studying transmission
of infection via breastfeeding.
*The origin of the bacterial communities inhabiting milk is unknown, still under
investigation.
*3 main hypothesis exists:
1) Enteromammary pathway
2) A backflow during suckling
3) Areolar skin
3 pathways
● Infant Oral
*Streptococcus spp. Dominant
phylotype in oral fluid as well as
colostrum/milk.
●
Areolar Skin
*Staphylococcus, Corynebacteria,
and Propionibacteria
*major difference in 2 communities
● Enteromammary Pathway
*lactobacilli,bifidobacteria,enter
ococcus
Entero-mammary Pathway
During Lactating period, the dendritic
cells of the immune system colonizes
the mammary gland via selective process
regulated by Lactogenic hormones.
*Suggests that the bacteria found in
the breast milk could be from the
maternal gut that had been transported
to the mammary glands via endogenous
route.
Specific interactions between cells of a
L. gasseri strain isolated from breast
milk (A) and DC cells (B), as assessed by
transmission electron microscopy(TEM).
(transwell bicompartmental assays)
The development of mammary microbiota
Characterization Of diversity of bacterial communities in Human milk
● Methods and Materials
* 16 healthy women,(20-40 years of age), breastfeeding >5 times per day.
* 3 samples collected between 4 week interval
* Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene
* Culture based bacterial analysis was also performed.
1)Community composition of the 15 most abundant
Bacterial genera in each of 3 milk samples.
2)Assignment of sequences into OTUs using 3%
similarity cutoff identified 100-600 OTUs
present in the samples of each subject
A. # of OTUs observed across all samples
ranged from 100 to 600.
B. This relatively small# of OTUs
represented the majority of the
relative abundance of the community.
A Set of 9 OTUs was found to be present in every sample from every subject.
This small proportion of the overall membership of the milk microbiome
represented a reasonably large proportion of the relative abundance in the
total communities of the 16 subjects.
RESULTS
●
●
●
Milk bacterial communities were
generally complex & stable over
time within an individual.
Supports conclusion that human
milk contains a collection of
bacteria more diverse than
previously reported.
Suggests that there is a “core”
milk microbiome present.
Gut Microbiome of an Infant
●
●
Colonization of infant gut is a complex process that depends on multiple
overlapping factors.
Formula fed vs Breast fed
●
Mode of delivery: Vaginal vs Cesarean section
○
Bifidobacteria= 80% of total microbiome in healthy breastfed infants.
○
In vaginaly delivered infants their gut microbiota resemble their mothers
vaginal microbiotas
In C-section, the infant’s gut microbiota is similar to mothers skin
microbiota.Also have overall lower bacterial diversity.
○
Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4
months
●
●
●
●
●
24 term infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development
(CHILD) birth cohort.
Mode of delivery obtained from medical records
Mother reported on infants diet and medication use
Fecal samples collected at 4 months of age
Characterization of microbiota composition was done using 16S rRNA gene
amplification and pyrosequencing
Results
●
●
●
High variability in Fecal microbiota
Dominated by Actinobacteria (mainly the genus Bifidobacterium) and Firmicutes (with
diverse representation from numerous genera)
Formula fed infants compared to breast fed infants
○ increased richness of species, with overrepresentation of Clostridium difficile.
Escherichia–Shigella. Underrepresentation Bacteroides species.
○ Overall low bacterial richness and diversity.
(Relative abundance and frequency of dominant phyla, families
and genera in fecal samples obtained at 4 months from 24 healthy
Canadian infants)
Composition of fecal microbiota
Human mILK oligosaccharide
●
●
●
●
●
Glycans, the third most abundant molecules in breast milk.
Complex carbohydrate abundant in human milk
Do not nourish the infant
Gets passed undigested to lower part of intestinal tract
Key to guide and support the assembly of a healthy gut microbiome in
infants, especially bifidobacterium species.
○ Nourishes & stimulates growth
○ Utilize HMO product
BIFIDOBACTERIUM
●
●
●
●
●
●
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Rod shaped
Gram positive
Nonmotile, branched
Strict anaerobes
Saccharolytic bacteria- break down of glycans
HMO STRUCTURE
● Chain length varies from 3-15 carbon units
● Composed of 5 monosaccharides:○
○
○
○
○
Glucose
Galactose
N-acetylglucosamine
Fucose
N-acetylneuraminic acid/ sialic acid
Genomics explaining the saccharolytic feature
●
Comparative genome analysis of each known bifidobacterial species
○ Identify a shared “core” genome set
○ Truly Unique Genes (TUGS)
○ Core genomes contain gene for the bifid shunt.
○ Bifid Shunt = ecological success!
UTILIZATION OF GLYCAN
●
●
●
Cross-feeding strategy by bifidobacteria.
Particularly, genome of B. longum have a genetic locus containing genes
that encode enzymes responsible for the breakdown of HMO’s
Another host produced glycan is mucin.
○ One of the main barriers in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
○ Glycan components are also oligosaccharides, requires a special
enzyme to degrade this glycan
○ Only a small # of microbiota can directly access it as a carbon
source
○ B. fidium and Akkermansia muciniphila
Glycobiome of the Bifidobacterium Genus.
Phylogenetic reconstruction of bifidobacteria is reported as a super tree based on the 233
core genes identified for this genus. The outer circles illustrate the genome size as well
as the number of open reading frames (ORFs) involved in amino acid transport and
metabolism, lipid transport and metabolism, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism, or
encoding carboxylesterases, glycosyl transferases, and glycosyl hydrolases.
Glycan Degradation Activities of Bifidobacteria in the Gut
●
●
Degradation of HMO and mucins
Cross-feeding activity via
extracellular breakdown of HMOs
and mucin releasing metabolites
making it accessible to other
microbes.
How is this beneficial?
●
●
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
Formation of butyrate, acetate
●
Preferred energy source for colonic epithelium
Plays a significant effects on intestinal cell growth and gene expression
Helps protect against cancer and colitis.
●
●
CONCLUDING REMARKS
●
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●
●
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It is possible that major selective pressure has influenced the nature of
breast milk in the course of human evolution to provide the infant with
the maximum benefit.
Competition and sharing of nutrients is a key determinant of microbial
dynamics in the gut microbiota.
Ability of certain Bifidobacterium strains to utilize HMO efficiently,
suggests that it may be a strategy for ensuring that this group of
bacteria is present in the infant gut.
Bifidobacteria exhibit social behavior through carbohydrate resource
sharing in the gut.
Breakdown of these glycans can form Butyrate, which are extremely
important for a healthy gut.
hOW CAN WE iMPROVE
BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES?
★ mATERNAL PROTECTION IN THE WORKPLACE
★ iMPROVING hEALTH SYSTEMS & SERVICES BY cOUNSELING,
EDUCATION, LACTATION MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING FOR
HEALTH STAFF
★ fAMILY & cOMMUNITY:REDUCING BARRIERS TO BREAST FEED
References
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01024-7/fulltext
https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(19)300496?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1931312819300496%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117882/
https://www-sciencedirect-com.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S104366181200165X#bib0265
https://www-sciencedirect-com.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1744165X16300178
https://www.cmaj.ca/content/185/5/385/tab-figures-data
https://www-sciencedirect-com.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0966842X17302287#fig0010
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00437/full
https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/
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Microbiology
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Topic focused on microbes and their ecosystems.Clear
information of microbes and environment and how one
impacts the other
Properly describes background of topic. Literary review.
Background
Primary
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