SOC100 Coastline Rational & Deviant Behavior Theory & Stratification Discussions I uploaded the instruction for this assignment.I will upload the slide pre

SOC100 Coastline Rational & Deviant Behavior Theory & Stratification Discussions I uploaded the instruction for this assignment.I will upload the slide presentations.When you need information from the reading, let me know, and I will upload it.Also, please highlight the quotes. Introduction to Sociology CAAP #2 Instructions
1. Answer two critical thinking questions from below. Each question must be from a
different module. Each response should be two pages, so four pages total. If it is a
little longer, that is fine. Be sure to apply terms/concept(s) from the
readings, and/or the slide presentations. Use at least two direct quotes
with citations (ASA style) per response to support your points. You may
also relate the topics to your personal lives, current events, and/or slide
presentations. Write one response, then the next, then include your
reference page. It is all one paper, but the discussions are separate. No late
work is accepted. You must upload the entire paper as ONE attachment
file under ASSIGNMENTS in the online classroom. The attachment must be
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Works, PDF, or Word Pad (RTF) format. I
cannot open Mac files (Pages), so you will have to convert it. Turnitin will
check for plagiarism, so DO NOT COPY FROM THE INTERNET OR OTHER
SOURCES!
2. Papers must be typed. Use a standard 12 size font in either: Tahoma, Times New
Roman, Courier New, Calibri, or Arial. The paper must be double spaced with oneinch margins.
3. Put your heading (name and such) in the header of the paper – you do not need a
cover page. Put page numbers at the footer of the paper. Before each response,
write the Module section and number of the prompt you are answering.
4. Be sure to reference the author you directly quoted, even if it is from the textbook
or slides. You should have a page at the very end called “References”. You only
need one reference page. Wikipedia and Dictionary.com are not academic
sources – you do not need to use them. The only sources you need for this
assignment are your class notes, slides, and/or textbook. Follow the
American Sociological Association format for in-text citations and the reference
page. You can do an Internet search for “ASA style guide”. You only need to use
ASA style for quotes, citations, and the reference page.
5. When writing formally, avoid using contractions (can’t, don’t, won’t). Use the full
versions (can not, do not, will not). Do not use slang such as “cool”. Spell out
smaller numbers (twenty instead of 20). Do not end sentences in prepositions
(with, for, by, along, in, out).
6. Make sure you break your work up into paragraphs. Do not submit one long
paragraph for each response.
Prompts
Module 5
1. Explain the importance and characteristics of interaction from a rational choice
theory, ethnomethodological, and dramaturgical perspective. Make sure to
include the key assumptions of each theory. You should also detail the
motivation of interpersonal interaction from each of the three perspectives. You
need to also integrate at least one critique of each theory in your discussion.
2. Using either yourself or someone you know as an example, describe a status set
of an individual using at least five statuses. Which of these statuses are ascribed
and which are achieved? Does this individual have a master status? Describe
some corresponding roles for each of the statuses. Where might this individual
experience role strain? What about role conflict?
3. Discuss at least four problems in bureaucracies that were presented in the text.
How would you address these problems? What would the ideal organizational
structure for macro-groups look like for macro-level groups in the United States?
Module 6
1. Compare and contrast three different theories of deviant behavior. Which do you
believe is most accurate and why?
2. Though many people share the goal of home ownership, it is not possible for
everyone to earn enough money to purchase a home of their own. Explain how
this problem applies to Merton’s strain theory. Make sure to cover all five
possible ways to adapt to the strain (conformity, innovation, ritualism,
retreatism, and rebellion).
Module 7
1. What are the three key arguments of the Davis and Moore thesis of social
stratification? What is one social position in society that supports their argument?
What is one social position in a society that refutes their argument?
2. Compare and contrast the structural-functional and conflict views of social
stratification. Make sure to detail the key assumptions from each theory in your
answer. Finally, show how Evolutionary Theory draws from both Structural
Functionalism and Conflict Theory in its understanding of social stratification.
Which theory do you find most accurate and why?
3. Highlight at least three ways that social class can affect an individual’s life
chances and lifestyle at the micro-level, three ways at the meso-level, and three
ways at the macro-level of interaction. In your opinion, at which of these levels is
the impact of social class the most damaging to an individual? Explain.
4. Compare and contrast the three major stratification systems detailed in your
book. In your answer, make sure to detail the opportunity for mobility in each of
the systems. Also discuss how each of these three systems are maintained by
the society.
Module 8
1. Discuss the five factors that characterize minority groups and their relations with
dominant groups in society. Provide examples.
2. Describe how prejudice and discrimination operates at the micro and macrolevel. In your answer, you should define different types of micro and macro-level
prejudice and discrimination. You should also compare and contrast how microand macro-level discrimination affects the life chances of minority group
members. Make sure to include real-life examples in your answer.
3. Compare and contrast the functions and dysfunctions of having minority and
dominant groups in society. Make sure to include the key assumptions of the
structural-functionalists and conflict theorists in regards to race relations in your
answer. You must also include a discussion of the labor market in your answer.
Module 9
1. Explain sex, gender, and sexuality. Then, compare and contrast homophobia and
heterosexism. Provide detailed examples.
2. Compare and contrast side-effect and past-in-present discrimination. How are
the social institutions of religion and work related in a way that may result in
side-effect discrimination?
3. What is meant by the statement in your text, “work itself is gendered”? Explain
some of the social forces that hurt or help men with promotions. Explain some of
the social forces that hurt or help women with promotions.
4. What is institutionalized gender discrimination? Provide two examples. How is
institutionalized gender discrimination related to heterosexism?
5. On average, men earn more money than women do for performing the same job
with the same level of education and experience. Explain this phenomenon from
the three main different sociological perspectives (symbolic interactionist,
structural-functionalist, and conflict).
ASA Style (Source: Cal State LA)
Quotes and Citations
•
If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year and page
number or PowerPoint slide number in parentheses:
When Chu (1977:16) studied…
•
If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name, year, and page
number in parentheses:
When the study was completed… (Jones 1994:72).
•
If the page number is to be included, it follows the year of publication after a
colon, with no space between the colon and the page number:
…as reported by Chavez (1966:16).
•
For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text. Afterwards
use the first name and “et al.” For more than three names, use the first author’s
last name plus “et al.” Examples as follow:
Three authors, first in-text citation = (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954:10)
Three authors, later in-text citations = (Smith et al. 1954:17)
More than three authors = (Snow et al. 1999:154)
•
THIS IS THE PREFERRED METHOD. Quotations in the text must begin and
end with quotation marks. The citation follows the end-quote mark and precedes
the period, as follows:
“In the late 1990s, reported data shows that technologically oriented jobs paid
better” (Hildenbrand 1999:47).
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
References follow the text and endnotes in a separate section headed
“References.”
All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
Remember: Like all other parts of the paper, references should be doublespaced.
List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
Use hanging indention (see examples below). This is when the first line of an
entry is at the margin and the following lines are indented.
Invert the author’s name (type it last name first). If there are two or more
authors, invert only the first author’s name.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arrange multiple items by the same author in order by year of publication,
earliest year first.
Use six hyphens and a period (——.) in place of the name(s) for repeated
authorship.
Distinguish works by the same author in the same year by adding letters (e.g.
1993a, 1993b, 1993c).
Use italics for book and periodical titles (underline if italics are not available).
If no date is available use “N.d.” in place of the date.
Include both city and state for place of publication (except for New York) using
U.S.
Postal Code abbreviations. For foreign cities provide the name of the country.
Reference Entry Examples:
Chapters, Books, Articles:
Holley, Polly D. and Devin E. Wright, Jr. 2006. “A Sociology of Rib Joints.” Pp. 46-53 in
McDonaldization: The Reader, edited by George Ritzer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine
Forge Press.
PowerPoint files:
Ballantine, Jeanne H. and Keith A. Roberts. 2016. “Culture.” Pp. 1 – 25 in Class Name,
edited by Peter A. Aguilera. City, CA: Your College Name. Retrieved June 9, 2017
(https://canvas.instructure.com).
Web Resources:
Spalter-Roth, Roberta and William Erskine. 2016. “Race and Ethnicity in the Sociology
Pipeline.” Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. Retrieved January
9, 2017
(http://www.asanet.org/galleries/defaultfile/Minorities_Career_Pipeline.pdf).
Class Lecture:
Aguilera, Peter A. 2017. “Socialization.” Presented at Your College Name, June 13, City,
CA.
Introduction to Sociology: Module 5

Social networks – micro-level contacts and
exchanges between individuals and other
individuals, small groups, and large (even
global) organizations
◦ Networking – using our social networks to get
information, favors, or resources

Network links
◦ casual and personal
◦ based on official positions and channels

Close Networks
◦ Personal ties
◦ Shared personal interest

How are we linked:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦

The internet
Local civic, sports, and religious organizations
Community or national institutions
Our nation
Global entities
Networks can open opportunities
◦ But obligations can limit freedom
◦ Meso- and macro-level interactions more formal

Social interaction is two or more individuals
purposefully relating to each other

All interaction has three important
components:
◦ An action
◦ A common goal
◦ A social context

The action, goal, and context helps us
interpret the social meaning

How has technology changed social
interaction? The good? The bad?

People interact using verbal and non-verbal
communication
◦ Non-verbal communication are interactions using
facial expressions, the head, eye contact, body
posture, gestures, touch, walk, status symbols and
personal space

Non-verbal communication is:
◦ Culturally specific
◦ Learned through socialization
◦ Used in all cultures

Personal space is an aspect of non-verbal
language

The amount of personal space needed varies by:

Personal space communicates social positions
◦
◦
◦
◦
Cultural setting
Gender
Status
Social context
◦ Higher positions and status have greater control of
physical space
◦ Gender differences

Intimate distance
 Private and affectionate relationships
 0 – 18 inches

Personal distance
 Friends and family
 18 inches – 4 feet

Social distance
 Acquaintances and impersonal business relations
 4 – 12 feet

Public distance
 Used in formal settings
 Especially with high-status speakers
 12 feet and beyond

Rational Choice Theory (or Exchange Theory)
◦ Assumes that relationships are formed (and persist)
based on the rewards and costs of the interaction to the
individual
 When benefits of the interaction are high and costs are low,
interaction will be valued and sustained
 If the benefits of interaction are low and if the costs are
high, the interaction will not be valued and sustained

For exchange theorists, every interaction
involves:
◦ Calculations of self-interest
◦ Expectation of reciprocity (give and take)
◦ Actions that have current or eventual pay-off for actors

Harold Garfinkel
◦ Ethnomethodology – the use of empirical methods
to study how people develop shared meanings and
consider how common rules originate
 Break norms to discover rules of interaction
 Interested in people’s responses to norm violations
 Do not take interaction norms for granted

Symbolic interaction theory
◦ Dramaturgy – the study of social life from the
framework that life is similar to a play or drama on
stage, with scripts, props, and scenes to be played
(Erving Goffman)
◦ Dramaturgical analysts believe interaction occurs on
two stages
 Front stage behavior
 Backstage behavior
 Working to create a definition of self through social
interaction

Assumptions of Dramaturgical analysts:
◦ We create an impression for our audience through the play
◦ Individuals learn new lines to add to their scripts through
socialization
◦ Individuals perform scripts for social audiences in order to
maintain certain images, much like the actors in a play
◦ Individuals use props as visible symbols to create or
reinforce our roles
◦ Individuals perform according to society’s script for the
situation
◦ Individuals work to create a positive, advantageous
impression through impression management
◦ Individuals use tact, humor, and other strategies to try to
create positive impressions
◦ Dramaturgical analysts believe interaction occurs on two
stages

Dramaturgy is the study of social life as
theater.
◦ Terms have parallels in theater.

Roles – image being projected (or attempted)

Audience – people who observe our behavior

Script – communication with others

Costume – clothes that help performance

Props – objects used to present image



Front stage – where appropriate appearance is
maintained. Ex: Teacher’s classroom
Back stage- where preparation for
performance is made and where impression
management can be relaxed, limited to a select
few. Ex: Teacher’s lounge
Performance team- Set of individuals who
cooperate in staging a performance that leads
an audience to form an impression of one or all
team members



Mystification- keeping front and back
stages separate
Dramatic Realization – disclosing
information not easily known, things you
cannot tell by looking at a person
Idealization – portraying one’s self in a
favorable light

Social Statuses are positions that individuals hold in
the social world
◦ Define interaction with others
◦ A status set is the combination of statuses held by an
individual

Ascribed statuses are statuses that are assigned at
birth and do not change during an individual’s
lifetime

Achieved statuses are statuses that are chosen or
earned by decisions one makes or by personal ability

Master statuses are statuses that are most important
and take precedence over others

Roles are the expected behaviors, rights and
obligations associated with a status
◦ Statuses (positions)
◦ Roles (behavioral obligations of the status)


Statuses and roles form the link with other
people in the social world
Individuals hold formal and informal statuses

Role strain is tension between roles within
one status
◦ Usually in a status with lots of roles

Role conflict is conflict between the roles of
two or more statuses
◦ The individual feels pulled in different directions

Groups are two or more people who interact with
each other because of shared common interests,
goals, experiences, and needs
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦

Create a sense of belonging among members
Share a common goal
Members are in contact with one another
Defined membership norms
Rules for members’ behaviors
Groups form through a series of steps:
◦ Initial interaction between potential members
◦ A collective goal emerges
◦ Attempt to expand collective goals by building
membership and pursuing new goals

Groups establish our place in the social world
◦ Anomie – a state of normlessness
◦ Suicide (Durkheim)
 Egoistic suicide – social isolation
 Anomic suicide – loss of identity or too much freedom
(celebrities)
 Altruistic suicide – give life up for the group
 Fatalistic suicide – facing continuous group
oppression, extreme regulation

Primary groups are
groups with close
contacts between
members with whom
members have lasting
personal relationships
◦ Characteristics of primary
groups:





Strong sense of belonging
Strong group loyalty
Strong influence on behavior
Main purpose is belonging
Primary groups have
intrinsic value

Secondary groups are
groups with formal,
impersonal, businesslike
relationships between
members
◦ Characteristics of secondary
groups:
 Large membership base
 Task-oriented
 Relationships based on
accomplishing
 A clear division of labor
 Specialized communication
 Membership can be shortterm or long lasting

Reference groups are groups composed of members
who act as role models to one another and establish
standards against which members measure their
conduct

Peer groups are people who share similar age or
social status; they can also serve as reference groups

In-groups are groups to which individuals feel a
sense of loyalty and belonging

Out-groups are groups to which individuals do not
belong, but that exists in competition or opposition
to an in-group


Organizational structure depends on society type
Modern organizations and bureaucracies began with
industrialization
◦ Rationality or the attempt to reach maximum efficiency, is
the governing principle of most modern organizations

Formal organizations are complex secondary groups
formed to pursue and achieve certain goals
◦ Bureaucracies are specific types of very large formal
organizations with the primary goal of maximizing
efficiency

Organizational societies are societies where a
majority of the members work in organizations




Individuals require organizations for human
interaction and to meet their needs
Organizations need humans in order to hold
positions and carry out tasks, or fill roles
Some organizations provide us with work
necessary for survival
Some analysts propose that new types of
affiliations and interactions, including the
Internet, are replacing some older affiliations


Max Weber examined the transition from
traditional society to bureaucratic, capitalistic
society
Weber found 6 characteristics of ideal type
bureaucracies
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦

Division of labor based on technical competence
Administrative hierarchy
Formal rules and regulations
Impersonal relationships
Emphasis on rationality and efficiency
Provision of life-long careers
Bureaucracies also have an informal structure

Professionals
◦ May face conflicting loyalties to their profession and
to the bureaucratic organization

Minority groups
◦ Glass ceilings – the barriers which keep females
and other minority group members from rea…
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