San Diego State University Cognitive Therapy in Psychology Paper After selecting one of the major theories of psychotherapy that we have studied this semes

San Diego State University Cognitive Therapy in Psychology Paper After selecting one of the major theories of psychotherapy that we have studied this semester (e.g., psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, existential, systemic, community, etc.), please write a 6-8 page (1500-2000 word) paper in which you:

1. Introduce yourself or an imaginary client (if you prefer not to write about yourself). As part of your Introduction, please write in the third person and make sure to describe:

Your (or your client’s) basic demographic information (e.g., “The client is a 19 year-old Caucasian woman in her senior year of college majoring in psychology.”).
The chief concerns or major areas of struggle in your life (or the life of your imaginary client) right now in one sentence (e.g., “The client struggles primarily with self-esteem, feelings of depression, and distress regarding her interactions with others”).
The maladaptive patterns or tendencies you (or your imaginary client) have with regard to the following: a) interpersonal patterns: (e.g. “The client struggles to establish strong relationships with other people and tends to withdraw from others when feeling uncertain about their care.”), b) intrapersonal patterns: (e.g., “The client often doesn’t feel worthy of care and feels that others will reject her if they really knew her”), c) cognitive patterns: (e.g., “The client will often think that she is not a good person and tends to think that she must be perfect in order to be acceptable”), d) behavioral patterns (e.g., “The client struggles to manage her stress well and often has trouble with sleep), and e) systemic patterns (e.g., “The client will often feel lost in her family system and her family tends to view her as the problem whenever there is conflict”).
Your (or your imaginary client’s) goals with regard to the chief concerns (i.e., What changes would you or your imaginary client like to make in life?). Please do not list more than 3 goals for yourself (or your imaginary client). Again, please write in the third person.
The theory of psychotherapy you chose to apply to yourself (or the imaginary client) and the reasons why you chose this theory (e.g., “Cognitive therapy was chosen for this client because it is likely to be helpful in addressing some of the client’s negative thinking and it has been demonstrated within the literature to be an effective treatment for depression.”).

2. Describe some of the major experiences that have shaped your life (or the life of your imaginary client). As part of this Background Summary, please make sure to write in the third person and provide a brief description of your (or your imaginary client’s):

Family History (i.e., family structure, marital problems/divorce, relationships with parents and/or siblings, impact of family on chief concerns, etc.).
School/Social History (i.e., relational experiences in friendship and/or romantic relationship, presence of current social support network, academic achievement or lack thereof, experiences with teachers, counselors, or academic administrators, etc.).
Spiritual/Religious History (i.e., religious background, impact of church community, your view of God, relational experiences with God, faith experiences, other spiritual experiences, etc.).
Cultural History (i.e., cultural background, impact of cultural experiences or various cultural groups on your worldview, impact of privilege, prejudice, and/or discrimination in your life, etc.).
Other Relevant History (i.e., previous counseling experiences, medical issues, athletic experiences, other important accomplishments or failures, etc.)

3. Summarize one theory of psychotherapy. As part of your Theory of Psychotherapy Summary, please make sure to describe the theory’s view of:

Human Nature (i.e., What does this theory of psychotherapy say about our dispositions, motivations, behavioral tendencies, cognitive tendencies, social tendencies, and/or intrapersonal tendencies?).
Suffering (i.e., How does this theory of psychotherapy define and explain human suffering? Why causes psychopathology and psychological problems to emerge? Why do people suffer and continue to suffer according to this perspective?)
Healing (i.e., How is healing/health defined from this psychological point of view? What is the end goal of treatment according to this perspective? What are counselors working within this theory trying to accomplish?)
Change (i.e., How do we change, grow, and develop according to this perspective? How to we move away from psychopathology and toward health from this perspective? What interventions are used within this perspective and how to these interventions promote change?)

4. Apply it to your personal life (or the life of an imaginary client). As part of your Application Summary, please make sure to:

Describe your Case Conceptualization of yourself (or your imaginary client): How would a therapist from this theoretical orientation explain your (or your imaginary client’s) maladaptive patterns or tendencies? If you (or your client) were meeting with a counselor, how would you (or your client) interact with the therapist and how would they interpret/understand your behavior? What terms/principles from this theoretical perspective would most likely apply to you (or your imaginary client)?
Describe the Interventions (at least 3) that would most likely be utilized to treat you (or your imaginary client: What interventions might be used by a therapist practicing from this perspective to help you (or your imaginary client)? How might these interventions be used? What would the therapist do or say to help you (or your client)?
Describe the potential Effectiveness of Therapy: Would therapy be successful in this case? Do you think these interventions would help you (or your client)? If so, why? If not, why not?
Describe the potential Outcome of Therapy: What do you imagine your future (or your client’s future) would look like if you (or your client) successfully completed a course of therapy from this perspective? How would therapy impact your (or your client’s) life moving forward and your (or your client’s) relationships moving forward? What would you (or your client) need to do to maintain the gains made in treatment?

5. Finally, please remember to edit your paper. As part of your editing process, please make sure to:

Organize your paper in a logical manner and use proper grammar.
Write the paper entirely in the third person.
Write your paper double spaced, 12-point font, Times New Roman, 1” margins, referenced using APA style. This means providing a list of references in APA style at the end of your paper.
Use multiple resources. Please utilize at least 2 other outside academic references in addition to the course lectures and materials provided in class. Psychology 325
Clinical and Community Interventions
Classical Psychoanalysis
Major Theories of Psychotherapy
• Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic • Humanistic and Existential
– Classical Psychoanalysis
– Person-Centered
– Ego Psychology
– Gestalt
– Self Psychology
– Existential
– Object Relations
– Logotherapy
– Kleinian
• Systems, Community and
Multicultural
– TLDP
– Family Systems
• Cognitive & Behavioral
– Multicultural Therapy
– Behavior Therapy
– Feminist Therapy
– Cognitive Therapy
– Community Interventions
– Rational-Emotive Behavior
Therapy
– Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy
Classical Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Topographical Model of Mind
• Unconscious
– Thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories
outside of awareness.
• Preconscious
– Information that we can
retrieve and pull into
consciousness if
needed.
• Conscious
– Thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories
in active awareness.
Structural Model of the Mind
• Id
– Pleasure principle
– Origin of drives
• Ego
– Reality principle
– Mediator
• Superego
– Moral principle
– Internalized values
Defense Mechanisms
• Repression – banishing thoughts, feelings, and memories
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
from consciousness.
Rationalization – intellectually justifying behavior and
reason’s for one’s actions to avoid true reason.
Reaction Formation – switch of unacceptable impulses to
acceptable impulses.
Regression – retreat to a more infantile state (e.g.
immaturity).
Displacement – redirecting aggressive impulses toward a
safer outlet.
Sublimation – transformation of negative emotions or
instincts into positive actions, behaviors, or emotions.
Projection – attributing own feelings or impulses to another
person.
Denial – “closing one’s eyes” to the existence of a
threatening aspect of reality.
Resistance, Denial, and Repression
• Resistance
– The unwillingness on behalf of a patient to discuss or explore a
particular topic.
• Resistance vs. Denial
– Resistance is not the same thing as denial.
– Someone in denial is willing to explore a topic but is unwilling to
accept the conclusion of the exploration.
– Someone who is resistant is unwilling to explore the topic at all.
• Resistance vs. Repression
– Resistance is not the same thing as repression.
– Someone who is repressing a memory is willing to explore a
topic, but is unable to recall many of the details with regard to the
topic.
– Again, someone who is resistant is unwilling to explore the topic
at all.
General Beliefs About People
• People innately have drives and desires (id) that are
in conflict with their values and beliefs (superego).
• The drives (or instincts) that motivate behavior in
people are eros (life/sex) and thanatos
(death/aggression).
• People develop defense mechanisms in order to
restrain sexual and aggressive impulses from being
expressed in uncontrollable outbursts.
• Social functioning increases as people gain the
capacity to use sophisticated defense mechanisms.
Understanding of Pathology
• Psychological problems originate from repressed
psychological traumas and intrapsychic conflict.
• When the energy devoted to the internal conflict is
released, the patient’s anxiety lessens.
• Psychological symptoms never fully go away. They
are simply replaced by other symptoms (e.g., glove
anesthesia is replaced by neurotic anxiety).
• Ideal mental health is someone who has become
aware of repressed traumas and who has strong
internalized values but who can also allow for some
gratification of their primal desires without them
taking over.
The Therapeutic Process
• Through analysis, distress is diminished as
repressed psychological traumas and hidden
intrapsychic conflicts are acknowledged.
• The techniques of free association and dream
analysis are used to illuminate these early
psychological traumas as well as hidden
intrapsychic conflicts.
• In addition, the analyst can help a patient to
acknowledge repressed traumas and intrapsychic
conflict through confrontation of the resistance
and interpretation of the transference.
Transference and Projection
• Transference
– The unconscious act of assigning to another person
in the present environment feelings and attitudes
associated with someone of significance from one’s
past.
– Transference is not the same thing as projection.
– Projection is assigning to another person one’s own
feelings and attitudes.
– Transference is assigning to another person someone
else’s feeling and attitudes.
Dream Analysis
• Manifest Content
– Imagery and events in the dream.
• Latent Content
– Unconscious meaning of the dream
Love’s Executioner
01 October 2019
Cyclical Maladaptive Pattern : Betty
1. Describe the client’s presenting concerns from a psychoanalytic (and/or psychodynamic) perspective?
Betty, the client represented in Chapter 4, is presenting concerns due to the fact that she isolates herself from others
as well as suffers from an over-indulgent eating disorder and feels emotionally empty.
2. Formulate treatment goals from a psychoanalytic (and/or psychodynamic) perspective.
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, techniques that would help the patient begin the therapeutic process
involve free association and dream analysis to illuminate early psychological traumas and hidden intrapsychic
conflict that Betty reveals as the sessions continue.
3. Provide a brief case conceptualization of the client from a psychoanalytic (and/or psychodynamic) perspective.
As part of your conceptualization, please make sure to answer the following question.
•
What is an example or resistance from this case study? Please make sure to provide a
definition of resistance from our class lecture and clear reasoning for your conclusion.
Throughout the course of her sessions, Betty continually rationalizes her behavior. As a result, Betty indulges in
resistance for a great portion of the sessions. Resistance is best defined as banishing thoughts, feelings, and
memories from consciousness and Betty reveals her resistance through her inability to express her emotions and
feelings in regards to how she suspects people view her as a result of her physical appearance. Betty also shows
resistance throughout her sessions as she lacks emotional intimacy, leaving her “social interactions were so primitive
and superficial “ causing challenges within the Therapist-Patient dynamic (Excerpt From: Irvin D. Yalom. “Love’s
Executioner.” iBooks.).
•
What is an example of transference from this case study? Please make sure to provide a
definition of transference from our class lecture and clear reasoning for your conclusion.
Transference is best defined as the unconscious act of assigning to another person in the present environment,
feelings/attitudes associated with someone of significance from one’s past. An example of Transference from this
case study is the patient’s inability to connect completely and well as her father’s disappointment of her before she
had even been born. Betty’s father was disappointed in her because of the fact that he wanted a boy and as a result
Betty carried this interpretation of herself and projects this transference when she is confronted with the fact that she
lacks intimacy in the sessions. The therapist describes her as highly people pleasing and and superficial in
conversations and her relationships. This behavior leads into another relay of Transference as she reveals that she is
afraid of intimacy due to the fact that she would be too dependent and addicted to therapy. This is transference
because Betty had a very close and intimate relationship with her father and truly felt as though at the end of the day
he loved and will always embrace her. However, when he passed away from cancer so abruptly, she was left feeling
unprotected. This fear of sudden abandonment blocks Betty’s drive and ability to become close to people and
therefore she isolates herself in relationships and in the beginning of the sessions (emotionally) .
Ex) “Her anxiety had to do with her fear of getting too dependent or addicted to therapy.” (Excerpt From: Irvin D.
Yalom. “Love’s Executioner.” iBooks).
•
What is an example of countertransference from this case study? Please make sure to
provide a definition of countertransference from our class lecture and clear reasoning for your conclusion.
Countertransference is the reverse dynamic of transference due to the fact that its is defined as the Therapist’s
irrational feelings towards the patient. Countertransference is exemplified in this case study through the Therapist’s
responsibility towards the client and her weight in the following quote, ““I have always been repelled by fat women.
I find them repulsive: their absurd sidewise waddle, their absence of body contour—breasts, laps, buttocks,
shoulders, jawlines, cheekbones, everything, everything. ” (Excerpt From: Irvin D. Yalom. “Love’s Executioner.”
iBooks). The Therapist in this study reflects briefly as to why he may have these feelings of countertransference and
relates it back to previous overweight women in his life and his unhealthy relationships with them in the following
quote, ““I could point to the family of fat, controlling women, including—featuring—my mother, who peopled my
early life. “ (Excerpt From: Irvin D. Yalom. “Love’s Executioner.” iBooks. )
4. Identify examples of the following psychoanalytic (and/or psychodynamic) interventions from the case study
along with definitions of the following terms and reasoning for your conclusions:
•
Confrontation of the Resistance
Resistance is best defined as the willingness on behalf of a patient to explore a particular topic. An instance of where
the patient is confronted on her resistance is when the Therapist asks the patient to provide a measure of how
revealing she feels she is being in the sessions. When she provides the Therapist with a response that does not
accurately reflect her progress, the Therapist addresses that he doesn’t feel like Betty takes “real risks” in the
sessions and provides examples of his behavior from previous sessions to fortify this feeling.
Ex) “You’ve done this since our first meeting. You tell me about a life that is full of despair, but you do it in a
bouncy ‘aren’t-we-having-a-good-time?’ way.”Excerpt From: Irvin D. Yalom. “Love’s Executioner.” iBooks.
•
Interpretation
In general terms, Interpretation is described as finding a clear understanding beneath something. However, in
psychotherapy, Interpretation is used through the Therapist as they facilitate conversations and their insights on the
patient’s behavior and and work through them collaboratively. Betty continuously indulges in people pleasing and
entertaining behaviors that become an obstacle throughout the sessions. When Betty’s behavior is formally
addressed, Betty reveals the underlying reasoning for this behavior lies ithin herself as she believes that people will
not find her interesting. This overcompensation that Betty exemplifies, further ignites her inability to form
meaningful and authentic relationships with others confirms her “acts of herself towards her self”.
•
Provision of a Corrective Experience
Provision of a corrective experience is defined a new experience to repair past traumas or a new understanding of
how one engages in interactions. In this case study, Betty and the Therapist provides an example of the corrective
experience through the process of a new understanding. When the therapist addresses how he feels an adverse effect
to Betty’s people pleasing behavior and develops a strategy in which he will interrupt the session and point out
when she begins to act superficially, thus, increasing her awareness of her behavior.
Ex.) “Betty agreed—she could hardly refuse me; and I now had at my disposal an enormously liberating device. I
was now permitted to interrupt her instantaneously (reminding her, of course, of our new agreement) whenever she
giggled, adopted a silly accent, or attempted to amuse me or to make light of things in any distracting way. “ Excerpt
From: Irvin D. Yalom. “Love’s Executioner.” iBooks.

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