Indigenous Population in Mexico Research Paper Identify an Indigenous Peoples (global) community outside the US i.e., Mexico, Canada, South America, New Ze

Indigenous Population in Mexico Research Paper Identify an Indigenous Peoples (global) community outside the US i.e., Mexico, Canada, South America, New Zealand, etc. and conduct research through various sources such as Native News Media, books, research articles, web- sites, films, etc. Use “Indigenous World” PDF on Bb Learn to help you identify your topic/ indigenous community. Your research paper should include the following:

Brief History, including demographics, geography, indigenous language, etc.
Contemporary Challenges and or Issues of Indigenous Peoples (should be the focus of your paper)
Conclusion and or Recommendations for Indigenous Peoples Globally
References from a variety of sources

Research Paper should be 4 pages narrative/content, double space, 12pt font; include 6 distinct sources on one page, two research journals (Native News Media, books, research articles, web- sites, films, etc.) properly cited, no Wikipedia. 
Research journals like Journal of American Indian Education, American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Journal of Arizona History, Wicazo Sa Review: A Journal of Native American Studies and American Indian Quarterly publish on indigenous issues. IWGIA
THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2010
Region and country reports covering most of the
indigenous world.
Updated information on international and regional
processes relating to indigenous peoples.
The Indigenous World 2010 is an essential source
of information and indispensable tool for those who
need to be informed about the most recent issues
and developments that have impacted on indigenous peoples worldwide. It is published in English
and Spanish.
INTERNATIONAL
WORK GROUP FOR
INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS
THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2010
This yearbook contains a comprehensive update
on the current situation of indigenous peoples and
their human rights, and provides an overview of the
most important developments in international and
regional processes during 2009. 72 indigenous and
non-indigenous scholars and activists provide their
insight and knowledge to the book with:
THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2010
THE INDIGENOUS
WORLD 2010
Copenhagen 2010
THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2010
Compilation and editing: Cæcilie Mikkelsen
Regional editors:
The Circumpolar North & North America: Cæcilie Mikkelsen
Central and South America: Alejandro Parellada
Australia and the Pacific: Cæcilie Mikkelsen
Asia: Christian Erni and Christina Nilsson
The Middle East: Diana Vinding
Africa: Marianne Wiben Jensen and Geneviève Rose
International Processes: Lola García-Alix and Cæcilie Mikkelsen
Cover and typesetting: Jorge Monrás
Maps: Ronan McHugh and Jorge Monrás
English translation: Elaine Bolton and Brenda Gonzalez
Proof reading: Elaine Bolton
Russian translation: Jennifer Castner
Prepress and Print: Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark
© The authors and The International Work
Group for Indigenous Affairs
(IWGIA), 2010 – All Rights Reserved
The reproduction and distribution of information contained in The Indigenous World is welcome as long as the source is cited. However, the
translation of articles into other languages and
the reproduction of the whole BOOK is not allowed without the consent of IWGIA. The articles in The Indigenous World reflect the authors’
own views and opinions and not necessarily
those of IWGIA itself, nor can IWGIA be held
responsible for the accuracy of their content.
Hurridocs CIP data
Title: The Indigenous World 2010
Edited by: Cæcilie Mikkelsen
Pages: 632
ISSN: 1024-0217
ISBN: 978-87-91563-75-1
Language: English
Index: 1. Indigenous Peoples – 2. Yearbook –
3. International Processes
Geografical area: World
Publication date: April 2010
The Indigenous World is published
annually in English and Spanish.
Director: Lola García-Alix
Administrator: Zoya Shahbazian
Distribution in North America:
Transaction Publishers
300 McGaw Drive
Raritan Center – Edison, NJ 08857
www.transactionpub.com
This book has been produced with financial support from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and NORAD.
INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP
FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS
Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 – Copenhagen, Denmark
Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 – Fax: (45) 35 27 05 07
E-mail: iwgia@iwgia.org – Web: www.iwgia.org
CONTENTS
Editorial……………………………………………………………………………………………….10
PART I – COUNTRY REPORTS
The Circumpolar North
Greenland………………………………………………………………………………………….18
Sápmi
Sweden…………………………………………………………………………………………26
Norway…………………………………………………………………………………………31
Russian Federation……………………………………………………………………………36
Inuit Regions of Canada…………………………………………………………………….49
North America
Canada……………………………………………………………………………………………..56
United States of America…………………………………………………………………..67
Mexico and Central America
Mexico………………………………………………………………………………………………78
Guatemala…………………………………………………………………………………………90
Honduras…………………………………………………………………………………………102
Nicaragua……………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
Costa Rica………………………………………………………………………………………..120
Panama……………………………………………………………………………………………127
South America
Colombia…………………………………………………………………………………………136
Venezuela………………………………………………………………………………………..148
Suriname…………………………………………………………………………………………162
Ecuador……………………………………………………………………………………………169
Peru…………………………………………………………………………………………………183
Bolivia……………………………………………………………………………………………..195
Brazil……………………………………………………………………………………………….207
Paraguay………………………………………………………………………………………….218
Argentina…………………………………………………………………………………………229
Chile………………………………………………………………………………………………..243
Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific
Australia………………………………………………………………………………………….258
Aotearoa (New Zealand)………………………………………………………………….267
Guam……………………………………………………………………………………………….275
West Papua………………………………………………………………………………………281
Tuvalu……………………………………………………………………………………………..288
Hawaii……………………………………………………………………………………………..293
East and South East Asia
Japan……………………………………………………………………………………………….300
China……………………………………………………………………………………………….308
Tibet…………………………………………………………………………………………………315
Taiwan……………………………………………………………………………………………..320
Philippines………………………………………………………………………………………327
Indonesia…………………………………………………………………………………………335
Malaysia………………………………………………………………………………………….344
Thailand…………………………………………………………………………………………..352
Cambodia………………………………………………………………………………………..359
Viet Nam………………………………………………………………………………………….367
Laos…………………………………………………………………………………………………375
Burma …………………………………………………………………………………………….382
South Asia
Bangladesh………………………………………………………………………………………392
Nepal……………………………………………………………………………………………….400
India………………………………………………………………………………………………..406
Nagalim…………………………………………………………………………………………..422
Middle East
The Palestinian Bedouin in Israel…………………………………………………….430
North and West Africa
Morocco…………………………………………………………………………………………..438
Algeria…………………………………………………………………………………………….446
Niger……………………………………………………………………………………………….453
Burkina Faso……………………………………………………………………………………459
The Horn of Africa and East Africa
Ethiopia……………………………………………………………………………………………468
Kenya………………………………………………………………………………………………476
Uganda……………………………………………………………………………………………486
Tanzania…………………………………………………………………………………………..492
Central Africa
Rwanda……………………………………………………………………………………………504
Burundi……………………………………………………………………………………………510
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)………………………………………516
The Republic of Congo…………………………………………………………………….522
Gabon………………………………………………………………………………………………527
Cameroon………………………………………………………………………………………..534
Southern Africa
Angola……………………………………………………………………………………………..540
Namibia…………………………………………………………………………………………..545
Botswana…………………………………………………………………………………………554
South Africa…………………………………………………………………………………….562
PART II – INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES
The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues………………………………..570
The Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peopes……………….576
The Special Rapporteur on Indigenous Peoples…………………………………..583
The Universal Periodic Review……………………………………………………………590
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change …………………………595
The Convention on Biological Diversity………………………………………………604
The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights…………………..613
The Arctic Council………………………………………………………………………………620
PART III – General Information
About IWGIA……………………………………………………………………………………… 626
Becoming a member…………………………………………………………………………… 627
IWGIA publications 2009……………………………………………………………………. 628
EDITORIAL
10
IWGIA – THE INDIGENOUS WORLD – 2010
EDITORIAL
T
he right to self-determination is at the heart of indigenous peoples’
struggles worldwide. In 2009, some major steps were taken towards this goal, especially in Greenland and Bolivia.
In 2009, Greenland entered a new era after some years of internal
deliberations followed by negotiations with Denmark, when on its national day of June 21, Danish Queen Margrethe officially handed over
the Self-Government Act to the President of the Greenland Parliament.
This Act gives Greenland greater autonomy and, for example, makes
Greenlandic the only official language and obliges the Danish Government to hold prior consultation with the Greenland Self Government
before presenting bills that affect Greenland. The new Greenland-Denmark relationship began 30 years ago with the establishment of Home
Rule in 1979 and has been further developed by the principles laid out
in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).
In Bolivia, another kind of indigenous self-determination was
achieved when, in January, a long and difficult process was concluded
with the approval of the new State Constitution that declares Bolivia to
be a plurinational and communitarian state and improves the rights of
indigenous peoples with regard to, among other things, electoral representation and language, and which stipulates the framework for improved autonomy for indigenous territories. On December 6, the indigenous president, Evo Morales, was re-elected and the governing
party won a two-thirds majority that will enable the government to
speed up the implementation of the new Constitution. Although not
nearly as far reaching, the Indigenous World 2010 reports on various
other achievements for indigenous peoples in 2009. For example, although the government of Cameroon is still only considering a draft
law on Marginal Populations, it this year officially engaged in celebrating Indigenous Peoples’ Day for the first time and took steps towards
further dialogue with indigenous organisations. In the Republic of
Congo, hopes were raised for the future of indigenous peoples when
the year ended with the adoption of a Law on promoting and protect-
EDITORIAL
11
ing indigenous peoples. It covers all the rights contained in the UNDRIP and thus represents a huge step forward in the endorsement of
indigenous rights in Africa.
It should also be mentioned that, in April, Australia finally endorsed the UNDRIP, leaving New Zealand, Canada and the US as the
only remaining states to object to its adoption.
In spite of the positive developments achieved in 2009, the articles in
this year’s edition of The Indigenous World show once again a frighteningly clear picture of the situation of indigenous peoples as of 2010 as
one of an uphill struggle for physical and cultural survival in a world
dominated by environmental insecurity, development aggression and
continuous criminalization of indigenous lifestyles and social protests.
It is noteworthy how many of this year’s articles refer to the UNDRIP,
ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the UN Human Rights Council and the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental
freedoms of indigenous people as key legal tools and human rights mechanisms used by indigenous peoples. However, it is also clear that international agreements and human rights mechanisms are far from enough to
safeguard indigenous peoples from abuses of their fundamental rights.
The situation for indigenous peoples in Latin America in 2009 was
for example characterized by the huge implementation gap between
the law and actual practice. When national economic interests are balanced against the indigenous peoples’ rights to consultation and free,
prior and informed consent, the latter systematically lose out. An example of this is the Brazilian President’s high-profile “Growth Acceleration Plan”, which contains plans for the building of hundreds of
hydro-electric power plants on indigenous land in the Amazon rainforest, none of which have been presented for consultation with the
affected indigenous peoples.
The issue of indigenous peoples’ right to be consulted, as well as their
right to participate in decision-making processes, was also given particular attention by the UN Special Rapporteur and the Expert Mechanism on
the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In his 2nd report to the UN Human
Rights Council in September 2009, the Special Rapporteur devoted the
second half of his report to an analysis of the duty of states to consult with
indigenous peoples on matters affecting them. Also in September 2009,
12
IWGIA – THE INDIGENOUS WORLD – 2010
the Human Rights Council requested the Mechanism to carry out a study
on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making.
Climate change
2009 will be remembered for the heightened focus on climate change
and the enormous challenge we all face in safeguarding the planet.
Although 2009 ended with disillusion over the outcome of the Climate
Change Conference in Copenhagen, which resulted in a disappointing
and inconclusive Copenhagen Accord, it also left a trace of hope that
the renewed alliances between indigenous peoples and global civil society might bear fruit in the new decade, as expressed in many of this
year’s articles. Not since the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 has so much
hope and determination to find common solutions to a global problem
been expressed by governments and civil society alike. During 2009
the International Indigenous Peoples’ Forum on Climate Change (IIPFCC) worked hard to secure recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights
in the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) negotiations..In this process they succeeded in getting a
reference to the UNDRIP in the draft decision on Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD).
The devastating effects of climate change on indigenous peoples
and their livelihoods is reflected in many of the country reports. Indigenous peoples are, moreover, at risk of falling victim to some of the
mitigation measures suggested by the international community, including “green” sources of energy, such as soybean and oil palm plantations for bio-fuel production and the construction of dams for the
production of hydroelectric power. Likewise it remains to be seen
whether REDD schemes will respect indigenous peoples’ right to be
consulted and their free, prior and informed consent, or if they will
merely scale up industrial rubber and oil palm reforestation schemes,
as experienced in e.g. Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Colombia
or, alternatively, form another incentive to create old-fashioned forest
reserves and thus an excuse to evict indigenous peoples from their traditional lands.
EDITORIAL
13
Development aggression
The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues is going to discuss
Development with Identity in 2010 but, as can be seen from the 64
country reports contained in this volume, events occurring in many
parts of the world are better described as development aggression: the
imposition of large-scale development schemes supposedly in the interests of national development, which lead to large-scale dispossession and human rights violations. In Russia, where the implementation of the Federal Law of 2001 on territories of traditional natural resource use is still pending nearly a decade after its adoption, indigenous peoples are increasingly competing with commercial interests for
access to their traditional fishing and hunting grounds, which are being put up for tender. In Asia, large-scale development schemes include industrial tree plantations such as rubber (Laos, Cambodia) and
oil palm (Indonesia, Malaysia), mining (e.g. Laos, Cambodia, India)
and dams (e.g. Malaysia, Burma, India).
In Tanzania, development of the tourism industry once again led to
gross human rights violations, when in July eight Masaai communities
were violently evicted by private security guards…
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